Today is our topic of discussion- Paragraph Writing

Paragraph Writing

Paragraph শব্দের অর্থ অনুচ্ছেদ। এটি ছোট আকারে একটি গদ্য রচনা যার মধ্যে একটি idea বর্ণিত হয়। যা নিজের মধ্যে স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ণ। এতে কেবল একটিমাত্র ভাব থাকে। Paragraph এর বাক্যগুলো এমনভাবে সাজাতে হয় যেন এদের মধ্য দিয়ে মূল ভাবটি প্রকাশ পায় এবং ধারাবাহিকতা বজায় থাকে। Paragraph আকারে খুব বেশি বড় করা যায় না, তবে ভাবের পরিপূর্ণতা বা বাক্যের মধ্যকার সামঞ্জস্যতা রক্ষার জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় বাকা থাকতে হয়।

Paragraph লেখার সময় বেশ কয়েকটি শর্ত অনুসরণ করতে হয়। যে কোন ভাল Paragraph এর চারটি গুণ
অবশ্যই থাকতে হয়।

১.Completeness বা অর্থের পরিপূর্ণতা

২. Unity of thought বা ভাবের ঐকা

৩. Order of presentation বা উপস্থাপনের ধারাবাহিক ঐক্য

8. Coherence বা সামঞ্জস্য বা বাক্যগুলোর অর্থের মধ্যকার সঙ্গতি।

Paragraph এর মূল idea কে বিকশিত করে তুলতে হলে প্রয়োজনীয় সকল তথ্য এতে থাকতে হবে। নইলে Paragraph হবে Incomplete. Paragraph এর tople idea develop করার জন্য যা লেখা প্রয়োজন তা অন্তর্ভুক্ত করতে হবে, কিন্তু এমন লেখা থাকবে না যা Paragraph টির মূল idea এর সাথে খাপ খায় না। এরূপ কোন অপ্রাসঙ্গিক বাক্য থাকলে Paragraph এর Unity বা ঐক্য নষ্ট হয়।

Paragraph এর মধ্যে কোন বাক্যের পর কোন বাক্য আসবে তার দিকে বিশেষ খেয়াল রাখতে হবে। ধারাবাহিকতা না থাকলে Paragraph ত্রুটিযুক্ত হয়ে পড়বে। এজন্য সময় ও স্থান বিষয়ক তথ্যের দিকে নজর রাখা দরকার। Paragraph এ একটি বাক্যের অর্থের সাথে অন্য বাক্যের অর্থের মধ্যে একটা সামঞ্জস্য থাকতে হবে।

এটি Paragraph-এর অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য। এ বৈশিষ্ট্যটির যথার্থ প্রকাশ যে কোন Paragraph কে আদর্শ মানে উন্নীত করতে পারে। একটি Paragraph কে তিনটি অংশে বিভক্ত করা যায় :

১. Paragraph-এর প্রথম বাক্যটিই Beginning অংশ নির্দেশ করে। উত্তম Paragraph এর জন্য এ অংশটি হতে হবে আকর্ষণীয়।

2. প্রথম Sentence এর পর থেকে শেষ Sentence এর আগ পর্যন্ত সমগ্র অংশকে বলা হয় Paragraph -এর Body। এতে সংযোজিত বাক্যগুলো Paragraph -এর মূল idea কে বিকশিত ও
উপস্থাপিত করে।

৩.Paragraph এর শেষ Sentence টিতে Paragraph এর মূলভাব প্রকাশের পরিপূর্ণতার সংকেত
দেয়। একটি সার্থক সমাপ্তিসূচক Sentence কে Terminator বলে।
Paragraph এর প্রথম Sentence কে আকর্ষণীয় করার জন্য কয়েকটি কৌশল অবলম্বন করা যায়

(ক) Topic Sentence ব্যবহার করে পুরো Paragraph এর মূল কথাটা প্রথম বাক্যে বলা যেতে পারে।

(খ) বিষয়বস্তু যদি কতগুলো ঘটনার তালিকা হয় তাহলে There are …… steps ….. এভাবে দেয়া যায়।

(গ) বিষয়বস্তু যদি অজ্ঞাত ঘটনার সমষ্টি হয় তাহলে এভাবেও লেখা যায় : There are a number of causes ]

of the populationof Bangladesh. Of them the following.

Paragraph এর Beginning Sentence যদি একটি specific statement বা বিশেষ বক্তব্য হয়। তাহলে মূল ভাবের সাথে সঙ্গতি

রেখে শেষ sentence টি তে একটি general sentence ব্যবহার করা যায়। আবার যে কোন একটি মতামত বা

সমাধানের মধ্য দিয়ে Paragraph শেষ করা যায়। নিচে কিছু Paragraphs নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হলো :

1. OUR COUNTRY

The name of our country is Bangladesh. It is a small low-lying country in the south Asia on the Bay of Bengal. Its total area is 1.47.570 sq. kilometers. She got her freedom on the 16th December in 1971. There are six seasons in our country. It has a tropical monsoon climate also, More than 14 crore people live here. Most of them are Muslims. The others are Hindus, Buddhists and Christians.

Bangladesh is a land of rivers. The Padma, the Meghna and the Jamuna are the main big rivers of the country. Jute, rice, tea, sugarcane, oilseeds, fruit, vegetables, spices, wheat, potato, tobacco and cotton are the main crops of the country. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people here.

We have some attractive tourist spots like Sonargaon Kuakata and Cox’s Bazar sea beach. Besides, the country has some world heritage sites such as the Sundarbans, the Shat Gombuj Mosque and the Buddhist Vihar. Our country is enriched with lots of natural resources. Infact it is a land of unique beauty. After all, the people of Bangladesh are very much peace-loving. I like my country very much. So, I am proud of my country.

2. THE NECESSITY OF LEARNING ENGLISH

English is called an international Language because it is widely spoken all over the world. Without English we cannot do in this modern world. We should learn English for a great variety of purposes. We need English to get good job, to go abroad, to pursue higher studies.

Most of the books on higher education of every branch of knowledge are written in English. To run the international trade and commerce English is very essential. Many international meetings are held

for various purposes now-a-days. To attend those meetings English is a must. Besides, international sports and tours require the knowledge of English. Every language has some rules. To learn those rules we should follow grammar. Our English textbook helps us to use English in our daily life.

Learning English is specially important for Bangladeshi because it can play an important role for the development of the country. Finally we can say that to become an active member of the global village we should learn English as an international language.

3. YOUR COLLEGE LIBRARY

The library, which belongs to every college, is called college library. Every college has a library. There is a library in our college. It is a part and parcel of our college life. It is situated in the main building of our college. There are various kinds of books in our college library.

They are storybooks, novels, biographical books and also rare kinds of reference books in a great number. I like it very much and when I get time. I go to library for reading. I take help from the library for one writing. I think that books are the best friends of man.

A library is a storehouse of books. So people like me should not waste time but go to library to read different kinds of books. I think that a library is an essential part for every college. So it should be enriched with different kinds of books. I should try to make the best use of it. In fact, I feel really proud of my college library.

4. YOUR DAILY LIFE

I am a student of B.A. first year. I want to do well in life. So I have a daily routine of work. I get up early in the morning and have a wash. I say my prayers and have my breakfast. Then I begin to learn my lessons and do my home task. At 9-30 a.m I bathe, eat my meals and go to college.

I sit in the first bench and listen to what my teachers say. I never make a noise in the class. The college is over at 2-30 pm. Then I return home direct. I take some tiffin and go to the field to play. I come back home before it is dark. I wash my hands and face. Then I sit to read my books. I have my supper at 9-30 pm. Then I go to bed.

5. YOUR FAVOURITE GAME

Football is my favourite game. I have a great attraction for it. I like this game for reasons more than one. It is an interesting outdoor game. It is played in an open field. It is not so costly as cricket. It is not so risky as hockey. It gives joy to hundreds of people. It is a good form of exercise.

It makes the players strong and healthy. It teaches players the lessons of team work, discipline and obedience.

6. STUDENTS AND SOCIAL SERVICE

Man is a social creature. The peace and happiness of each individual depends to a great extent upon what he gets from the other members of his society. So we are all indebted to one another. The students have an important role to play in this respect. A student is a future citizen.

He has duties to the society. Social service is a part of his study. He must first take an interest in his surroundings. He must fight against ignorance, superstition, insanitary conditions. He can help night schools and take part in health squads. A student must be ready to respond to the call of his country particularly in times of floods and famines. He

must train himself for national service in time of war. Training in social service will complete his academic education and make him a better citizen.

7. TENSION

Tension means mental, emotional and nervous strain. When a man feels tension, he becomes agreesive or unfriendly towards others. It may develop into conflict or a violence. According to the physicians, tension is the source of diseases. There is no man in the world without tension.

But overtension is harmful for health. It is a disease that has no cure normally. If a man wants to free from tension, he has to remain busy in various activities. An active and practical man never suffers from tension. He always avoid it by remaining himself busy in sports and pastime. Everyone should come out of this terrible disease.

8. THE FAMILY I LIVE IN

There are two types of family, one is nuclear and another is extended family. I live in a nuclear family. I like it very much. My family consists of five members. They are my father, mother, two brothers and myself. My father is a government employee who has been working in Bangladesh Bank for about fifteen years.

My mother is a housewife. Sumon, my elder brother has been studying in Dhaka University. He is a BBA student. My younger brother, suzon, reads in class nine. My father is the head of our family. He gives all instructions to run the family. Mother also assists him in various matters.

Our family is a happy one. We are very friendly. My parents give us company. They suggest us how to lead life. My father also teaches me. My mother loves me most. Both are affectionate to us. We follow their advice. A calm and pleasant atmosphere prevails in our family.

A family is considered an important institution. It is the place from where the important lessons are taught. It provides mental and psychological support which is necessary to lead our lives smoothly.

9. DOWRY

Dowry is a social curse. It can be an amount of money or property that a wife or her family must pay to her husband when they get married. It was the social custom in an ancient time. But at present dowry is the social curse for our society.

In this subcontinent more or less every family faces this snake. A poor family having a maiden faces a great problem due to dowry. They cannot arrange a marriage ceremony of their daughter for the demand of dowry by the father or the relatives of the bridegroom.

Generally the bridegroom’s sides take dowry and the brides are victims of it. If the parents of the bride cannot pay as per the demand, the wife is kicked out from her husband’s house by the relatives. Our young generation should be conscious and try to wipe out such a stupid system. We can do canvassing and make advertisement against this dowry system. By developing the mentality of our citizens, we can get rid of this vice.

10. MY FAVOURITE ENGLISH TEACHER

A teacher is a person who teaches his or her students and discovers their hidden treasures. I love almost all of my teachers. However, the name of my

favourite English teacher is Abdul Jalil. He is a Masters Degree holder in English Literature. He is also a BCS cadre. He presents the lessons in an excellent way. He has a soft, clear and gentle voice for which everybody can pay attention to his lecture.

He helps the backward students by offering them different instructive and constructive symbols, signs and examples. We have a friendly relationship with him. He behaves very well with us. He becomes very strict when we are out of control.

We always try to obey and respect him. He is also interested in co-curricular activities. He is the general secretary of our debating club and conducts different competitions related to this. His modesty. sincerity and generosity attract me much. I wish him safe and sound life.

11. RULES OF HEALTH

I know that sound health is the root of all happiness. So, I always try to follow the rules of health. Without following the rules of health, we can not lead a healthier and happier life. To remain sound I wake up early in the morning and do some exercise.

Balanced diet is greatly needed to remain hale and hearty. It is nothing but to take the right kinds of food in a proportionate way. As I want to keep my body fit, I have a balanced diet. Actually we have many kinds of food but all of them do not possess the same values and nutrition.

For our sound health we need six kinds of elements of food in a balanced way. The lack of one or more kinds causes imbalanced situation in our body. Therefore, balanced diet is necessary to keep good health.

12. TREE PLANTATION

Our presence in this world would be impossible without trees. We are totally dependent on trees for living on the earth. A moment without oxygen, which trees supply us, will surely blow out our light of life. Again we get our food and furniture from trees.

But we are cutting trees in such a large number that the country is going to be desert while the existence of us would be dangerous. So. the government of Bangladesh realizing the importance of trees celebrates tree planting week every year. It encourages all of us to plant more trees for our better future.

People nowadays are coming forward spontaneously for planting trees as they now realize the importance of trees. Many trees in the recent years have been planted on both sides of the highways, coastal areas and in the forests. We have to continue our tree planting programme. Otherwise, our atmosphere will be polluted with carbon-di-oxide. A tree is also a big saving thing for the next generation.

13. NEWSPAPER

Newspaper is a valuable gift of modern civilization. It brings us important news of home and abroad. It is a powerful instrument to mould future of a country. It creates public opinion. It helps to make government policy. It informs us of market prices.

Thus we can know everything of the world by reading it and sitting at home. News-paper should be impartial. When it gives impartial opinion, it is a great friend of the nation. So we should try for the development of the newspaper.

14. DANGERS OF SMOKING

Certainly smoking is a very bad habit. The dangers of smoking know no bounds. It harms one in various ways. One clasps a lot of incurable diseases like bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer and so on by smoking. And one being attacked by these diseases may go to the land of death.

A smoker hamrs not only himself but also others who are supposed to be non-smokers. When any smoker smokes cigarette, air gets polluted. And the non-smokers taking polluted air get harmed severely. However, I always avoid smoking and try to make others understand about the dangers of smoking.

But my elder brother is the chain-smoker. It is a matter of great anxiety for our family. I indirectly try to make my brother understand about the dangers of smoking. I hope, he will give up smoking in near future. However, as smoking is harmful to health, it should be banned in public places.

15. LOAD-SHEDDING

Load-shedding is not desirable. It is harmful to civilization. However, load means burden and shedding means minimizing. Therefore, load-shedding means the minimizing of burden of anything. Of late, in our country load- shedding in electricity is acutely felt and seen which makes our life intolerable and boring. Because of deficiency in electricity load shedding occurs.

Our country is densely populated. The storage of electricity is not sufficient to provide electricity with all. As a result, load-shedding in the country is seen frquently. Sometimes, it becomes very severe. Of course, the government tries its best to provide electricity with all.

It is imperative to mention here that load shedding in quick succession can bring breach of discipline in the country. So. the government must be conscious of this. Overall sense of duty and consciousness can play a vital role in stopping load-shedding. Besides, production of electricity should be increased to fulfil the demand.

16. PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Physical exercise is the movement of our limbs. It helps us to be sound physically and mentally. Without physical exercise we can not enjoy soundness of body as well as mind. It makes a man strong, active and keeps him free from disease. On the contrary, a man who does not take physical exercise is attacked by various deseases.

He can not have soundness of body as well as mind. So, all of us should take physical exercise regularly. There are various forms of physical exercise. All forms of exercise are not suitable for everybody. Those who are strong in body can take all forms of exercise.

But those who are weak in body can not take hard exercises. Because of the fact that the weak persons feel disinterested to take hard exercises. The weak and old persons can walk in the open air in the morning and in the evening. And thus they can be benefited. But over exercise is hamrful to body. If one takes over exercise, one can be affected severely. Therefore one needs to take exercise according to one’s bodily ability and capability.

17. MY BIRTHDAY PARTY

By birthday party I mean a celebration that is celebrated for one’s birth anniversary. I am eager to celebrate my birthday. By arranging a party 1 celebrated my last birth anniversary. My friends, kith and kin, well-wishers and many others were invited to my birthday party. About two hundred guests were

invited to the party. A special cake was ordered. At the appointed time the guests came to our residence. I received them cordially. When I cut the cake with a knife, all began to sing, “Happy birthday to you. It seemed to me that I was the main attraction of the party.

Pieces of cake, delicious food items like Khichuri, Payes, Pitha made by my mother were provided among the guests. The eating accompanied by a lot of gossiping and giggling went on. Cameras were begun to click on. After these, jokes were made. Then I said goodbye to my guests. After that 1 observed my birthday gifts and felt very happy. Truly speaking, the party was very enjoyable.

18. AIR POLLUTION

Air is the most important element of our environment. By inhaling and exhaling fresh air, we can survive on earth. So, it can be regarded as the life. But it also becomes a killer when it is polluted. And it is polluted in various ways and means. Especially it is polluted by smoke.

Man makes fire to cook food, makes bricks, mels tar for road construction and to do many other things. Fire creates smoke and pollutes the air. Railway engines and powerhouses creates smoke by burning coal and oil. Mills and factories also emit a lot of smoke.

Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel. These too emit smoke. All these kinds of smoke pollute the air. By inhaling polluted air, we suffer from various fatal diseases like bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer and so on. We may lose our existence being attacked by these fatal diseases.

So, it is our bounden responsibility to save air from pollution. Public awareness can be raised to decrease the production of all kinds of smoke. And then we can have an air pollution free environment.

19. MY FAVOURITE SPORTSMAN

I play different kinds of games and sports like cricket, football, badminton, handball and so on. Of all games, I like cricket most. So my favourite sportsman is from the cricket world. He is Ashraful Haq, the youngest player of Bangladesh Cricket Team. Infact.

I am his fan. He is a right-handed batsman. I like him for his outstanding performance and achievements. His batting style is excellent and attractive. He is not only a batsman but also a bowler and a good fielder. He has the records of acquiring century at his initial test match in the least tender age. He is regarded as a “run-machine”. He gives pleasure and gets pleasure in playing the game. Considering all sides, he is a good cricketer. I think a good future is waiting for him.

20. ARSENIC POLLUTION

At present arsenic pollution is an anxiety of Bangladesh. In chemistry, arsenic is referred to as a violently poisonous white compound of brittle element. Now this element is detected to be present in large quantities in the tube-well water of the many districts of Bangladesh.

It causes a kind of health hazard. Press reports on this matter are drawing attention of all classes of people to be aware of it and also to take all possible preventive measures. Drinking water polluted by arsenic causes many diseases like sores and stomachache troubles.

So, urgently it is needed to be checked and teach people how to get rid of it. At present, an antidote is discovered to purify water polluted by arsenic. Besides, the World Bank has agreed to extend all possible helps to mitigate the arsenic problem in our country. So the Govt. should take necessary steps to check the arsenic pollution.

21. A MOONLIT NIGHT

The night in which the moon shines brightly in the cloudless clear sky is generally known as moonlit night. A moonlit night is a remarkable occasion for a beauty seeker. It offers a very splendid and charming view. It is a night of exquisite beauty and joy.

In a moonlit night the moon looks like a disk of silver. The moon bathes the world with her silvery light. The sparking stars twinkle around the moon. Rivers, ocean, canals and ponds seem to laugh in the splendid moonlit night. The trees and creepers look bright in sparkling.

The flowers glitter in the garden like pearls. Birds come out of their nests and fly about. Beasts come out and run to and fro. People of all ages amuse themselves in a moonlight night.

They pass some hours in gossiping and telling story. It has a magical power of transporting us to a land of fairy and imagination. It arouses the poets of all languages to sing highly in a moonlight night. It loses the dullness of a night and thrills our hearts. It is a great pleasure and source of recreation for the people.

22. WATER POLLUTION

Water is a very important element of human environment. It is a liquid substance. It is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen. It is an essential element of nature because it saves all kinds of velw of the earth. Clean water is healthful but when it is polluted, it is very harmful.

It can be polluted in many ways. It is polluted by waste and filth. Water is polluted by using chemical fertilizers and various insecticides of the land. When milis and factories throw their waste products into rivers and cnals, water become polluted.

Again motor, launch, steamer pollute water by throwing oil. By drinking this polluted water, we often get sick and finally die. So we should prevent water pollution. Water can be purified by boiling it and using purified tablets. We cannot live without pure water. Above all, for a healthier and a happier life we should drink pure water.

23. THE 21ST FEBRUARY

The 21st February is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. The Pakistani rulers wanted “Urdu will be the state language of Pakistan”. But it is impossible to establish in the constitution. The 21st Februrary is a martyr day of our country. Every year the nation remembers this day with due respect and solemnity.

On 17th November, 1999 the 21st February is dignified in the UNESCO conference. It is introduced to all as international Mother Language Day. About 188 states supported this proposal warmly. Every year all classes of people celebrate this day with honour.

They go to the Shaheed Minar and keep flowers at the altar of Shaheed Minar to show tribute to the martyrs. Thus the significance of the day is great for the people of Bangladesh. However, the people of Bangladesh can never forget the 21st February. As a citizen everybody should love his or her country and mother tongue.

24. MY FAVOURITE POET

I have read the poems of many Bengali poets. But Quazi Nazrul Islam is the most appealing to me. His poems, novels, stories, letters, songs and dramas have the greatest appeal to me. They inspire me with courage, hope and aspiration. I find my feelings and emotions expressed in his peoems, songs and other writings. So, he is my favourite poet.

He is the rebel and national poet of Bangladesh. He is one of the most famous poets of Bengali literature. When I go through his poem, I feel joy. Agnibina, Bisher Bashi, Jugabani, Rikter Bhadan etc. are my favourite readings, His works inspire all to fight against evils.

His works inspired us during our liberation struggle. For this, he is favourite with all. Nazrul was born at Churulta in the district of Burdwan on the 11 Jaistha in 1306 Bs. His restless spirit did not allow him to stay at particular place. In his young age, he was found at school one time, with a music party at another time and later on when he was student of class X, he joined the warfront as a soldier on the side of the Allies, during the First World War in 1914.

Nazrul was the first to write for the poor, the enslaved and the hungry. For this he suffered much. His writings direct us to the right goal of our life. He died in Dhaka on the 29th August in 1979 AD. He was laid to etemal rest beside Dhaka University Mosque.

25. VICTORY DAY

The 16th December is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. On this day. we won victory at the cost of a bloody battle of nine months. We celebrated the Victory Day’ in our college very gorgeously. Our teachers cordially helped us in the arrangement. On the 15th December, we decorated every corner of the college compound with green leaves, festoons and coloured papers.

Adequate seating arrangements were made for the teachers and students. Under the guidance of our physical instructor and some other teachers we fixed the items. We started the celebration by hoisting the national flag. Immediately after this, the march past took place and the principal of our college took the salute.

Then they sang the national anthem. We also arranged a discussion meeting and a cultural function. Both the teachers and the students took part in the discussion. Actually the day was very happy and enjoyable.

26. THE INDEPENDENCE DAY WE CELEBRATED

The 26th March is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. It is regarded as our Independence Day. On this day, we pay rich tributes to the memory of the martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of our independence. We celebrated the last Independence Day in our college very gorgeously.

Our teachers cordially helped us in the arrangements. On the 25th March, we decorated every corner of the college compound with green leaves, festoons and coloured papers. Adequate seating arrangements were made for the teachers and students. Under the guidence of our physical instructor and some other teachers, we fixed the items.

We started the celebration by hosting the national flag. Immediately after this the march past took place and the Principal of our college took the salute. Then they sang the national anthem. We also arranged a discussion meeting and a cultural function. Both the teachers and the students took part in the discussion. Actually the day was very happy and enjoyable.

Today is our topic of discussion- English Translation

English Translation

প্রত্যেক ভাষার একটি বিশিষ্ট বাকভঙ্গী আছে। এক ভাষা হতে অন্য ভাষায় অনুবাদ বা Translation করার সময় সে বাভঙ্গীটি অনুসরণ করে চলতে হয়। শুধু অক্ষর সাজিয়ে দিলে অনুবাদ হয় বটে, কিন্তু তাতে মূল ভাবটি ব্যাহত হয়। বাংলা হতে ইংরেজিতে অনুবাদ করার সময় কিছু নিয়ম পালন করে চলতে হয়।

বাংলা বাক্যটিতে যে ভাব ব্যক্ত হয়েছে, ইংরেজিতেও সে ভাবটি যথাযথ প্রকাশ করতে হবে। ইংরেজি Sentence-এর গঠন ও শব্দ প্রয়োগ সে ভাষার ব্যাকরণের নিয়মানুসারে করতে হবে। বাংলাতে যে সব বিশেষণ বা সমাসবদ্ধ পদ থাকে, তাদের সঠিক ইংরেজি জানা না থাকলে প্রায় সে ভাবটি প্রকাশ করে, এরূপ শব্দ বা শব্দসমষ্টি ব্যবহার করবে অথবা তার অর্থ ধরে সরল ইংরেজিতে Translation করতে হবে।

শব্দটি একেবারে বাদ দিলে সমস্ত Sentence-টিই একেবারে অর্থহীন হতে পারে। প্রয়োজন হলে ভাবধারা অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে দুটি ছোট Sentence-কে যুক্ত করে অথবা একটি দীর্ঘ Sentence-কে বিভক্ত করেও Translation করা যেতে পারে। এতে ভুলের আশঙ্কা অল্প থাকে। অনুবাদ যাতে সরল ও প্রাণ হয় সে দিকে দৃষ্টি দিবে।

Tense-এর ব্যবহার সম্বন্ধে সর্বদা সতর্ক থাকবে। মূলকথা এই যে, Passage টি ভাল করে পড়ে সমগ্র ভাবটি বুঝতে চেষ্টা করবে। তারপর প্রতিটি শব্দ ও বাক্যের পূর্ণ তাৎপর্য বুঝে Translation করবে।

শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য নিচে কিছু Translation উদাহরণস্বরূপ দেখানো হলো :

1. হাজী মোহাম্মদ মহসীন হুগলী জেলায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি খুব দয়ালু ছিলেন। তিনি গরীর দিগকে বহু অর্থ দান করেন। ছাত্রদের জন্য তিনি বহু অর্থ ব্যয় করেন। তিনি জীবনে বিবাহ করেননি।

Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was born in the district of Hugli. He was very kind. He gifted much money to the poor. He spent much money for the students. He did not marry in his life.

2. ভোর হয়েছে। শীঘ্রই সূর্য উঠবে। পাখিরা কিচির মিচির করছে। কৃষকেরা মাঠে যাচ্ছে। আর ঘুমিও না। এখন উঠ। হাত মুখ ধৌত কর। খোদার কাছে প্রার্থনা কর। বই লও। পড়তে বস। আল্লাহ আমাদেরকে এ সুন্দর প্রভাত দিয়েছেন।

It is morning. The sun will rise soon. Birds are chirping. Farmers are going to the field. Do not sleep any more. Now get up. Wash your hands and face. Say your prayer to God. Take your book. Sit down to read. Allah has given us this fine morning.

3. মিথ্যা বলা মহা পাপ। মিথ্যাবাদীকে কেহ বিশ্বাস করেনা। সকলেই তাকে ঘৃনা করে। সে জীবনে সুখী হয় না। কখনো মিথ্যা বলোনা। সদা সত্য কথা বলবে। সত্যবাদীকে সবাই বিশ্বাস করে।

To tell a lie is a great sin. Nobody believes a liar. Every body hates him. He does not become happy in life. Never tell a lie Always speak the truth Every hody believes a truthful man.

4. পাখীরা আকাশে উড়ে। এদের ডানা আছে। পাখীরা গাছে বাসা বাঁধে। তারা স্বাধীনভাবে চলা ফেরা করে। তারা ফলমুল ও পোকামাকড় খায়। কোন কোন পাখী পানিতে সাঁতার কাটতে পারে। Birds fly in the sky.

They have wings. Birds build nest on Trees. They move freely. They eat fruits and insects. Some birds can swim in water.

5. এটা হাসানের পরিবার। তারা দু ভাই ও এক বোন হাসান, আরিফ ও সাবিনা। এদের আব্বা আম্মাও আছেন। আব্বার নাম মুহাম্মদ আলী। আম্মার নাম শাহানারা বেগম। তারা প্রত্যেকে কাজ করেন। মুহাম্মদ আলী একজন কৃষক, তিনি তার ক্ষেতে কাজ করেন। শাহানারা বেগম রান্না করেন। হাসান বাগানের দেখাশুনা করে।

This is Hasan’s family. They are two brothers and a sister Hasan, Arif and Sabina. They have parents also. Their father’s name is Muhammad Ali and the mother’s name is Shahanara Begum. Every one of them works. Muhammad Ali is farmer. He works in his field. Shahanara Begum cooks. Hasan looks after the garden.

6. এ আমাদের গ্রাম। গ্রামের নাম শাহপুর। এটা ছোট। মাত্র চারশ লোক এখানে বাস করে। গ্রামের মাঝখানে একটি বিদ্যালয় ও একটি ডাকঘর আছে। দক্ষিণ পার্শ্বে একটি ছোট বাজার আছে। সপ্তাহে দুদিন হাট বসে। হাটে অনেক লোক আসে। কেউ কেউ জিনিস বিক্রি করে।

This is our village. Its name is Shahpur. This is small. Only four hundred people live here. There are a school and a post office in the middle of the village. There is a little market in its south. The market does on two days in a week. Many people come here. Some people sell things.

7. এক ছিল রাজা। তার রাজ্য অনেক বড়। অনেক লোকজন। অনেক ধনসম্পদ। প্রজারা তাকে শ্রদ্ধা করত। রাজা তাদেরকে খুব ভালবাসতেন। কিন্তু তার একটা দুঃখ। কোন ছেলে নাই। তাই তিনি রাজ্য ত্যাগ করলেন। বনে চলে গেলেন। সেখানে তিনি কাঁদলেন লাগলেন। হঠাৎ সেখানে এক দরবেশ এলেন। তিনি রাজার কথা শুনলেন। দরবেশ তাকে বললেন বাড়ী যেতে। আরও বললেন, পরবর্তী বছর তার একটা ছেলে হবে।

There was a king. His kingdom was very big. He had many men. He had much riches and wealth. The subjects respected them. The king loved them very much. But he had a grief. He had no son. So, he left his kingdom. He went into a jungle. He began to cry there. Suddenly there came a darvish. He heard the saying of the king. The darvish told him to go home. Moreover, he said that a son would be born to him in the next year

৪. রাত পোহাল। ভোর হোল। সূর্য উঠছে। পাখীরা গান পাচ্ছে। ফুল ফুটেছে। ফুলে ফুলে মৌমাছি উড়ছে। আব্বা ঘুম থেকে উঠেছেন। আব্বা নামাজ পড়ছেন। মা চা তৈরী করছেন। আমিও ঘুম থেকে উঠেছি। হাত মুখ ধুয়েছি। এখন পড়তে বসব।

The night is over. It is dawn. The sun is rising. Birds are singing. Flowers have bloomed. Bees are flying from flower to flower. Father has got up from sleep. He is saying his prayer. Mother is making tea. I have also got up from bed. I have washed my hands and mouth. Now I shall sit down to read.

9. ছাগল গৃহপালিত জড়। ছাগল নানা বর্ণের হয়। এরা খুব কষ্ট সহ্য করতে পারে। ছাগল দলবদ্ধ হয়ে থাকতে ভালবাসে। তৃণ ও শসাযুক্ত স্থান পেলে সেখানে ওরা মনের সুখে চরতে থাকে। তৃণ, গাছের ছাল প্রভৃতি খেয়ে এরা জীবন ধারণ করে। শিক্ষা পেলে এরা নানা রকম ক্রীড়া-কৌতুক দেখাতে পারে। তিব্বত দেশে এক রকম ছাগল আছে। তারা বাণিজ্যদ্রব্য বহন করে। ছাগলের দুধ মিষ্ট ও পুষ্টিকর।

The goat is a domestic animal. Goats are of different colours. They can bear a lot of hardships. Goats like to live in flocks. If they find grassy meadows and corn- fields, they graze there cheerfully. They live on grass, barks of trees and other things. If they are trained, they can show various feats of sports. There is a kind of goat in Tibet. They carry commercial goods. The milk of the goat is sweet and nutritious.

10. এই আমার মা। আমার মায়ের মত আর কেউ নেই। তিনি আমাকে কত হে করেন। তিনি সর্বদা আমার যত্ন নেন। তিনি কখনও নিজের সুখ খোঁজেন না। আমাকে সুখী দেখলে তাঁর আনন্দ ধরে না। আমি অসুস্থ হলে মা বড়ই চিড়িত হন। আমি সুস্থ হলে তাঁর মুখে হাসি ফুটে। আল-হিকে ধন্যবাদ, তিনি আমাকে এমন মা নিয়েছেন। আমি তাকে ভালোবাসব ও তাঁর কথা শুনব।

This is my mother. There is none else like my mother. She is too affectionate to me. She always takes care of me. She never looks for her happiness. If she finds that I am happy, her joys know no bounds. If I fall ill, my mother becomes very anxious. If I get well, she puts on smile on her face. Thanks to Allah, He has given me such a mother. I shall love her and obey her.

11. আমাদের বাড়ির খুব নিকটেই নদী আছে। আমরা প্রত্যহ প্রাতে সন্ধ্যায় এর তীরে বেড়াতে যাই। নদীর উভয় পার্শ্বে সারি সারি গাছ রয়েছে। নদীর নিকটে প্রশড় মাঠ। মাঠে প্রতি বৎসর প্রচুর ধান জন্মে। তখন মাঠ সবুজ দেখায়। নদীর ধারে অনেক গো-মহিষাদি চরে। সূর্যোদয় ও সূর্যাস্তের সময় নদীটি সুন্দর দেখায়। নদীর শীতল ও বিশুদ্ধ বায়ু সেবন করলে স্বাস্থ্য ভাল থাকে।

There is a river very close to our house. Every morning and evening we go out for a walk by the river-side. There are rows of trees on both the banks of the river. There are wide fields near the river. Plenty of paddy grows in the field every year. Then the fields look green. Many cows and buffaloes graze by the river- side. The river looks beautiful at sunrise and sunset. If we inhale cool and fresh air of the river. we keep healthy..

12. হযরত আবদুল কাদের তখন ছিলেন বালক। তিনি বাগদাদে লেখা-পড়া শিখতে যাবেন। মা বললেন, “কখনও মিথ্যা কথা বলো না। বিপদে কখনও ভয় পেয়ো না।” বাগদান ছিল তাঁর বাড়ি থেকে বহুদূর। সওদাগারদের সাথে বালক পথ চলতে লাগলেন। পথে ডাকাতের ভয় ছিল। পাঁচদিন পরে তাঁদের দলে ডাকাত পড়ল। একজন ডাকাত বালককে ধরল। সর্দার বলল, “এর কাছে কিছু নেই। একে ছেড়ে দাও।” বালক বললেন, “না, না, আমার কাছে বিশটি মোহর আছে।”

Hazrat Abdul Kader was then a boy. He would go to Baghdad to study. Mother said, “Never tell a lie. Do not be afraid of danger.” Baghdad was far away from his house. He began to walk his way with some merchants. There were fears of robbers on the way. After five days their party was attacked by a gang of robbers. One of them caught hold of the boy. The leader said. “He has nothing with him. Let him go.” The boy said, “No, no, I have twenty gold coins with me.”

13. সেদিন আমি কলেজে যাচ্ছিলাম। আমার সাথে কয়েকজন সহপাঠী ছিল। হঠাৎ এক প্রছন্ড শব্দ শুনে আমরা পেছনে তাকালাম। দেখলাম একটি ছেলে গাড়ি চাপা পড়েছে। চারপাশে লোকজন চীৎকার করছে। ছেলেটির গায়ে ছেঁড়া জামা: পায়ে জুতা নেই। আমরা আহত ছেলেটিকে হাসপাতালে নিয়ে গেলাম।

That day I was going to college. I had several classmates with me. Suddenly hearing a loud sound, we looked back. We saw that a boy was run over by a car. People around were shouting. The boy had a torn shirt on and he had no shoes. We carried the wounded boy to the hospital.

14. মানুষের এমন কতকগুলো বিপদ আছে যা থেকে সমাজ তাকে রক্ষা করতে পারে না। মৃত্যু, শোক, নানা প্রকার নৈরাশ্য ও ব্যাধি চিরদিনই তাকে পীড়িত করেছে। এই সব বিপদ থেকে বাঁচতে হলে চাই আত্মবিশ্বাস ও আল্লাহর প্রতি একান্ত নির্ভরশীলতা।

Man finds some troubles from which society cannot save him. He has always suffered from death, sorrow, various kinds of disappointments and diseases etc. It is only self confidence and absolute reliance on Allah that can save him from troubles.

15. একটি জিনিস আমি লক্ষ্য করেছি সেটি আমি বিচক্ষণ লোকের গোচরে আনতে চাই। ধনীর পরিশ্রমের ফল হল টাকা। সে ফল যদি কেউ জানীর হাতে তুলে দেয় তবে তিনি সেটা আনন্দের সাথে ধনীদের চেয়ে অনেক ভাল পথে কাজে লাগান।

I have observed one thing in particular which I would like to bring to the notice of learned people. The fruit of rich man’s labour are wealth. If these fruits are placed in the hands of the wise, they use them with great delight in far better ways than the rich.

16. দূরের পাহাড়গুলি ঘন নীল, যেন আকাশের নীল মেঘ খেলা করতে এসে পৃথিবীতে ধরা পড়েছে। আকাশে উড়বার জন্য যেন পাখা মেলেছে, কিন্তু বাধা আছে বলে উড়তে পারছে না- আকাশ থেকে তার স্বজাতীয় মেঘেরা এসে তার সাথে কোলাকুলি করে যাচ্ছে।

The hills in the distance are deep blue, as if the blue clouds that have come down to the earth to play, have been caught up there. It seems they have spread out their wings to fly in the air, but they can not move because of obstacle- so their fellow clouds are coming down from the sky to embrace them.

17. ধূমপান খুব ক্ষতিকর। এটি ব্যয়বহুলও। এটি পরিবেশকে দূষিত করে। যাঁরা ধূমপান করে তারা বেশি দিন বাঁচতে পারে না। ধুমপান করলে ক্যান্সার, হৃদরোগ ও শ্বাসযন্ত্রের রোগ হয়। তাই সবার ধূমপান বর্জন করা উচিত।

Smoking is very harmful. It is expensive too. It pollutes the environment. Those who smoke cannot live long. Smoking causes cancer, heart-attack and diseases of the respiratory organs. So everyone should give up smoking.

18. ইংরেজি ভাষা শেখা যে কত প্রয়োজন তা এখন আমরা পুরোপুরি উপলব্ধি করি। ইংরেজি না জানলে আমাদের মত একটি দেশ উন্নত দেশগুলির সাথে সমান তালে চলতে পারে না। আজকাল আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক ও ব্যবসা- বাণিজ্যের মাধ্যম ইংরেজি। পৃথিবীর জ্ঞান-বিজ্ঞানের পুস্তকের বেশির ভাগ লেখাই ইংরেজি ভাষায়। তাই যে জাতি ইংরেজিতে যত বেশি পারদর্শী সে জাতি সকল দিক থেকে তত বেশি উন্নত।

Now, we realize completely how necessary it is to learn English language. The country like ours cannot keep pace with other developed countries without knowing English.

Nowadays English is a medium of international affairs as well as trade and commerce. Most of the books of knowledge and science of the world are written in English. So, the nations, who are more expert in English, are more developed in all respects.

19. জীবন কি? এ প্রশ্নের জবাব অনেকেই দিতে পারবে না। অনেকে কিছুই বলতে পারবে না। অনেকে নানা উল্টা-পাল্টা কথা বলবে। আসলে মানুষ জীবন নিয়ে খুব কমই ভাবে। বুদ্ধিমান শিক্ষিত লোকেরা এর বাতিক্রম নয়। আশ্চার্য যে, মানুষ তার জীবনের সবচেয়ে বড় প্রশ্নটিকেই ভুলে থাকে। খুব কম মানুষই জীবনকে চেনে। নিজে নিজের কাছে অপরিচিত থেকে যায়। এভাবেই জীবন একদিন শেষ হয়ে যায়।

What is life? Many can not answer this question. Many can not say anything. Many will talk nonsense in different ways. Indeed, man thinks a little about life. The educated and intelligent are not exceptional to this. It is a matter of wonder that men are in oblivion about the greatest question of their lives. Very few people know about what is life. One remains unknown to oneself. In this way one day the life comes to an end.

20. আশাবিহীন জীবন নেই। সবার জীবনে কোন না কোন আশা থাকে। কেউ ডাক্তার হতে চায়, কেউ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার হতে চায় আবার কেউ বা বড় কর্মকর্তা হতে চায়। তবে বেশির ভাগেরই ইচ্ছা ধনী হওয়ার। হঠাৎ করে ধনী হবার জন্য আজকাল অনেকেই অসৎ পন্থা অবলম্বন করে।

There is no life without hope. Every man has some hopes in life. Some wants to be a doctor, some wants to be an engineer and others want to be high officials. But most of the people want to be rich. Now-a-days many people adopt unfair means to be rich rapidly.

21. গতকাল সন্ধ্যায় আমি আমার বন্ধুর বাড়ি গিয়েছিলাম। সে আমার বহু পুরাতন ও ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু। সে শহরের একটি বইয়ের দোকানের একজন সামান্য কর্মচারী। যখন আমি তার সাথে সাক্ষাৎ করতে গেলাম তখন সে একটি উপন্যাস পড়ছিল। সে আমার আমার কাছে বিদেশ যাওয়ার ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ করলো।

I went to my friend’s house last evening. He is a very old and close friend of mine. He is an ordinary employee in a book stall of town. When I went to meet him, he was reading a novel. He expressed his willingness to go abroad to me.

22. জয়নুল আবেদীন শিল্প ও কৃষ্টির জগতে একটি সুপরিচিত নাম। তিনি বাংলাদেশের বিখ্যাত চিত্রকর ছিলেন। তাঁর তুলিতে আঁকা ছবি আমাদের জীবনের দর্পণ। তিনি অনেক শিল্পীর শিক্ষাগুরু। ঢাকা আর্ট কলেজ তাঁরই অমর কীর্তির সাক্ষ্য বহন করে। তাঁকে জাতীয় অধ্যাপকরূপে সম্মানিত করা হয়। তিনি ২৮ মে, ১৯৭৬ ইং তারিখে শেষ নিঃশ্বাস ত্যাগ করেন।

Zainul Abedin is a well-known name in the realm of art and culture. He was a famous painter in Bangladesh. Pictures painted by him reflect the mood of our life. He was the master of many painters. Dhaka Art College bears the testimony of his immortal works. He was honoured by giving the status of National Professor. He breathed his last on 28th May, 1976.

23. ট্রেনের হুইসেল শোনা গেল। বন্দুকধারী সিপাইরা এক জায়গায় সারিবদ্ধ হয়ে দাঁড়াল। গাড়ি সশব্দে প-টিফর্মে ঢুকল । কোন যাত্রী যেন না নেমে পড়ে, তার বন্দোবস্তু আগে থেকে করা হয়েছে। সিপাইরা তাক করে বন্দুক উঁচু করল, কিন্তু গুলি ছুঁড়তে পারল না। সবাই দেখল একটা ভালুকের গলা ধরে একটি চার বছরের মেয়ে খেলা করছে। গুলি ছোঁড়া চলে না। এখন উপায়?

The whistle of the train was heard. The armed soldiers took their stand in a row at the spot. The train arrived at the station with its usual sound. It was so arranged before hand that no passenger was allowed to get down from the train.

The soldiers raised their guns with aims, but they could not fire. Everyone noticed that a four year aged girl was playing with a bear placing her hands round its neck. So firing was not possible. What was the next alternative?

24. মুঘল সম্রাট আওরঙ্গজেবের মামা শায়ের খান ১৬৬৪ সালে বাংলার শাসনকর্তা নিযুক্ত হলেন। তিনি একজন সুশাসক ছিলেন। তিনি অল্প দিনের মধ্যেই বাংলাদেশকে খাদ্যের অভাব হইতে মুক্ত করিয়াছিলেন। তখন চাউল অত্যড় সম্পন্ন ছিল। শায়েস্তা খানের আমলে বাংলাদেশে টাকায় আট মন চাউল পাওয়া যাইত। এই দেশের লোক তখন সুখে-শান্তিতে বাস করিত।

Saista Khan, who was the maternal uncle of the Mughal Emperor Aurongazeb was appointed a ruler of Bengal in 1664. He was a good administrator. He freed Bangladesh from the want of food in a short period. Rice was very cheap at that time. During his regime people could buy 5 maunds of rice at taka one. The people of this country lived happily and in peace at that period.

25. পদ্মা বাংলাদেশের বৃহত্তম নদী। কিন্তু এটি সাধারণ একটি নদীর চেয়ে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, কারণ এটি শতাব্দীর পর শতাব্দী ধরে ব্যবসা বাণিজ্য এবং পণ্য পরিবহনের উন্নতি ঘটিয়েছে এবং দেশের অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক অগ্রগতির সহায়ক হয়েছে। দুর্ভাগ্যক্রমে বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশের এই প্রধান নদী দুষিত হচ্ছে। পদ্মা দূষণ নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য আমাদের কর্মসূচী গ্রহণ করতে হবে।

The Padma is the largest river of Bangladesh. But it is more than a river for centuries because the Padma has promoted trade, commerce, transport and has helped the economic, social and cultural progress of the country. Unfortunately at present this major river in Bangladesh is being polluted. We have to take. programme for controlling the pollution of the Padma.

26. ফুল কে না ভালবাসে? ফুল হল পবিত্রতার প্রতীক। যে ফুলকে ভালবাসে না, সে কাউকে ভালবাসতে পারে। না। গোলাপের সুবাস আর সৌন্দর্য আমাদেরকে মুগ্ধ করে। এখন আমাদের দেশে ফুল প্রদর্শনী মেলা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ফুল কিনতে পাওয়া যায় ।

Who does not love a flower? A flower is the symbol of purity. He who does not like a flower, cannot love anybody. The sweet scent and beauty of the rose charm us. Now-a-days flower exhibitions are held in our country. Flowers are available for purchase.

27. আমাদের দেশের পূর্বে অবস্থিত জাপান এশিয়ার সর্বোন্নত দেশ। সর্বপ্রথম সূর্যোদয় হবার কারণে জাপানকে বলা হয় সূর্যোদয়ের দেশ। এ দেশের ছেলেমেয়েরা ঘুড়ি উড়াতে দারুণ ভালবাসে। নৌকা চালানো এবং সাতার কাটাও ওদের নিয়মিত সখ। ওরা সর্বান্তকরণে বড়দের সম্মান করে আর সমবয়সীদের ভালবাসে।

Japan, the most prosperous country in Asia, is situated to the east of our land. It is called the land of the rising sun since the sun is first seen from this land. The children of this land are very much fond of flying kites. Swimming and boat- race are also their regular hobbies. They pay due respect to the elders and show love to all of their own age.

28. রতন কোন কথা বলল না। নীরবে কাঁদতে লাগল। আমি তার দিকে চাইলাম। তার বয়স দশ । মাতা-পিতা নেই। দু’বছর পূর্বে বাড়ি ত্যাগ করেছিল। তখন হতে আমার কাছেই আছে। আজ সকালে আমার স্ত্রী তাকে বকুনি দিয়েছে। তাতেই সে মনে আঘাত পেয়েছে। তাই আমার কাছে দাঁড়িয়ে তার এই নীরব কান্না। কিন্তু সে কোন অভিযোগ করল না।

Ratan spoke no more. He went on weeping silently. I looked at him. He was ten years old and an orphan. He left home two years ago. Since then he has been staying with me. My wife has scolded him this morning. The scolding cut him to the quick. So he was weeping silently standing beside me. But he did not make any complaint.

29. ছাত্রদের নিজস্ব কর্তব্য আছে। নিজেদের প্রতি, পিতামাতার প্রতি, জ্ঞীয়-স্বজনের প্রতি, দেশের প্রতি এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে সমাজের প্রতি তাদের কর্তব্য আছে। ছাত্রজীবন হলো জীবনের বীজবপনের সময়। সেজন্য একজন ছাত্রের উচিত তার স্বাস্থ্য গঠন করা, ভালো অভ্যাস গড়ে তোলা এবং ভালো ব্যবহার করা। জীবনে ভালো এবং বড়ো হওয়ার নিশ্চিত পথগুলির অন্যতম পথ হলো পিতামাতা ও শিক্ষকের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম শ্রদ্ধা ও ভালোবাসা পোষণ করা এবং মহাপুরষদের জীবনী পাঠ করা।

Students have their duties. They have duties to themselves, to their parents and relatives, to their country and to the humanity at large. Student life is the seed time of life. So a student should build up his health, form good habits and cultivate good manners. One of the surest ways to be good and great in life is to have genuine love and regard for one’s parents and teachers and read the lives of great men.

30. বাংলাদেশ আমাদের জন্মভূমি। আমরা ভালবাসি এদেশের নীল আকাশ, সবুজ মাঠ, নদীর কুলকুল ধ্বনি আর সরল মানুষ। যে দেশকে ভালবাসে সে দেশপ্রেমিক। একজন যথার্থ দেশপ্রেমিক নিজের জীবনের চেয়ে নিজের দেশকে বেশি ভালবাসে। জন্মভূমির মঙ্গল ও উন্নতির জন্য চেষ্টা করা আমাদের পবিত্র দায়িত্ব।

Bangladesh is our home land. We love the blue sky, the green field, the murmuring sound of the rivers and the simple people of this country. The man who loves his country is a patriot. A real patriot loves his country more than his life. It is our holy duty to make efforts for the welfare and progress of our motherland.

31. বাংলাদেশ খুব বড় দেশ নয়, কিন্তু এখানে খুব বেশি লোক বাস করে। মৌসুমী বায়ু এদেশের প্রচুর বৃষ্টিপাত ঘটায়। এর অধিকাংশ ভূমিই সমতল। এখানে নদী আছে। দেশটি দেখতে সুন্দর কারণ এর সর্বত্রই সবুজ গাছ ও সবুজ ফসল। প্রতি বছর বর্ষাকালে অনেক জায়গা প্লাবিত হয়। জনসাধারণের তখন নৌকা দরকার হয় এবং জীবন তাই কঠিন হয়ে পড়ে।

Bangladesh is not a large country, but too many people live here. The monsoon causes abundant rainfall here. Most of the land of it are plain. There are many rivers here. The country is beautiful to look at because there are green trees and crops all over it. Many of its places get inundated in the rainy season every year. Then people require boats and for this reason life becomes difficult.

32. একদিন একটি কুকুর একখন্ড মাংস মুখে করিয়া একটি পুলের উপর দিয়া নদী পার হইতেছিল। নিচে নদীর নির্মল জলে তাহার ছায়া পড়িল। কুকুর উহা দেখিল ও মনে করিল যে, উহা অন্য একটি কুকুর, মুখে এক টুকরা মাংস লইয়া যাইতেছে। সে ভাবিল, ঐ মাংস খন্ডকাড়িয়া লওয়া যাক, তাহা হইলে আমার দুই খন্ড মাংস হইবে।

Once a dog was crossing a bridge over a river with a piece of meat in his mouth. In the clear water below, there was his shadow. He found it and thought that it was another dog with a piece of meat in its mouth. He thought if he could grasp that piece of meat too, he would own two pieces of meat.

33. মাতৃেেহর তুলনা নেই। কিন্তু হে অনেক সময় অমঙ্গল আনয়ন করে। যে গ্রহের উত্তাপে সম্মানের পরিপুষ্টি তারই আধিক্যে সে অসহায় হয়ে পড়ে। মাতৃহৃদয়ের মমতার প্রাবল্যে মানুষ আপনাকে হারিয়ে আপন শক্তির মর্যাদা বুঝতেপারে না। ক্রমে জননীর পরম সম্পদ সান অলস, ডীর দুর্বল ও পরিবর্তনশীল হয়ে পড়ে। অন্ধ মাতৃহে সে কথা বোঝো

The affection of a mother is matchless. But this love sometimes brings bad effects. Brought up under a mother’s unflinching care and love, a child tends to become helpless and inactive. The root cause is that a child loses his stamina to understand his own ability. As a result, her dearest son, her precious treasure gradually becomes idle, timid, weak and changing. Still then, the mother does not understand the effect of her blind love.

34. ছাত্রজীবন হলো ভবিষ্যৎ প্রস্তুতির কাল। এটি হলো জীবনের সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সময়। একজন ছাত্র আজ যুবক কিন্তু আগামীদিনে সে হয়ে উঠবে পূর্ণবয়স্ক। তার নানারকম কর্তব্য আছে। সেগুলি তার ভালোভাবে করা উচিত। ছাত্র হিসেবে তার প্রথম কর্তব্য হলো লেখাপড়া শেখা। তার পড়াশুনার প্রতি সচেতন হওয়া উচিত।

Student life is the time of preparation for future. This is the most important period of life. A student is young today. But he will be a man tomorrow. He has different duties. He should perform them well. As a student, his first duty is to study and learn. He should be careful to his lessons.

35. বাংলাদেশ দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার একটি স্বাধীন দেশ। আয়তনের তুলনায় এর জনসংখ্যা অত্যন্ত বেশি। ফলে বিদেশ হতে প্রতি বছর প্রচুর খাদ্য শস্য আমদানি করতে হয়। খাদ্য শস্যের উৎপাদন বাড়াতে না পারলে দেশের কোন উন্নতি হবে না। এ ব্যাপারে আমাদের সবার চেষ্টা করা উচিত।

Bangladesh is an independent country in South Asia. Her population is too large for her total area. As a result, we have to import a lot of food grains from foreign countries. If we cannot increase the production of food grains. our country will make no progress. All of us should try our best in this respect.

36. ইংরেজি আন্তর্জাতিক ভাষা। পৃথিবীতে এমন কোন দেশ নেই যেখানে ইংরেজি শেখানো হয় না। একবার আনন্দ পেলে এ ভাষা না শিখে পারা যায় না। বাংলা ভাষা সমৃদ্ধ করার লক্ষ্যেই ইংরেজি শেখা উচিত। তুমি কি ইংরেজি বলা পছন্দ কর না?

English is an international language. There is hardly any country in the world where English is not taught. If one once finds interest in it, one cannot but learn

Today is our topic of discussion- Letter Writing

Letter Writing

বন্ধু  সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ রক্ষা, বিভিন্ন স্থান ও দেশের সংবাদ আদান-প্রদান, বা সংক্রান্ত কাজ-কর্ম পরিচালনা প্রভৃতি আমাদেরকে চিঠিপত্রের মাধ্যমে সম্পন্ন করতে হয়। সুতরাং নির্ভুল ও সুন্দরভাবে চিঠিপত্র লেখার অভ্যাস করা একান্ত প্রয়োজোন ।

Letter may be divided into the following classes:

চিঠিগুলিকে নির্লিখিত শ্রেণীতে বিভক্ত করা যায়।

(a) Private letters and telegrams (ব্যক্তিগত চিঠি ও টেলিগ্রাম।

(b) Social letters. [সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠানের চিঠি |

(c) Business letters.

(d) [Official & Demi-official letters. সরকারী ও বেসরকারী অফিস সংক্রান্ত চিঠি এবং রক বিষয়ে বেসরকারীভাবে লিখিত চিঠি |

(e) Letters in response to the advertisements, বিজ্ঞাপনের চিঠি ।

(f) Letters in response to the advertisements, সংবাদপত্রের সম্পাদকের কাছে তিনি ।

(g) Circular letter or Notice & Draft | নির্দেশিকা বা বিজ্ঞপ্তি |

Parts of Letter (চিঠির বিভিন্ন অংশ )

Formal Letter কোন উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যবহৃত হবে তার উপর নির্ভর করে এর মধ্যে কোন কোন অংশ থাকতে হবে। তা নির্ধারণ করতে হয়। তবুও সব ধরনের Formal Letter এর জন্য একটি সাধারণ বিন্যাস থাকে। একটি Formal Letter-এর প্রধান অংশ ছয়টি Heading, Salutation Subject Body of the Letter, Subscription and Signature. অন্যদিকে, Informal Letter Subject বা অন্য অংশগুলো থাকে এবং অতিরিক্ত Superscription অংশ থাকে।

এ অংশগুলোকে নিশেষভাবে সাজানো যায়

1. Heading

2. Salutation

3. Subject

4. Body of the Letter

5. Subscription

6. Signature

1. The Heading (রা) এংশ পত্র লেখকের পূর্ণ ঠিকানা ও তারিখ, চিঠির একেবারে ডান দিকে উপরিভাগে লিখতে হয়।

2. Salutation (সম্মান) ও এই অংশে যার কাছে পত্র লেখা হচ্ছে তাকে সম্বোধন করে দেখা হয়। এটি পরের বাম দিকে Heading যতখানি উপরে থাকে তা হতে একটু নিচে এক লাইনে লিখতে হয়। এর প্রথম অক্ষর এবং তিন শব্দবিশিষ্ট হলে তৃতীয় শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter হবে এবং সর্বশেষে একটি Commna (,) বসনে। পত্রলেখক ও প্রাপকের সম্পর্কের বিভিন্নতা হেতু Salutation ও বিভিন্ন রূপ হয়ে থাকে।

(i) আত্বীয়-স্বজনের নিকট- My dear Father. My dear Mother. My dear Brother. (ii) মনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু-বান্ধবের নিকট- My dear Karim, My dear Mr. Chowdhury ইত্যাদি।

(iii) সামান্য ব্যক্তির নিকট Dear Mr. Karim, Dear Haque, Dear Rina ইত্যাদি।

(vi) অপরিচিত ব্যক্তির নিকট Sir, Madam ইত্যাদি।

(v) কোন ব্যবসায় প্রতিষ্ঠান বা ব্যবসায়ীর নিকট- Sir. Dear Sir. Gentlemen, Dear Sirs ইত্যাদি। (vi) কোন সরকারি কর্মচারীরা নিকট Sir. Dear Sir. Gentlemen, Dear Sirs ইত্যাদি।

3. (চিঠির মূল বিষয় পরের এ অংশে (সম্ভব হলে লাইনে) চিঠির মূল বক্তা না যে প্রসঙ্গে লেখা হয়েছে তা উল্লেখ করতে হয়। এটি সম্ভাষণ অংশের নিচে বরাবর মার্জিনে লিখতে হয়। তবে অনেকে একটু ডানে সরিয়ে লিখে থাকেন।

4. The Body of the Letter (চিঠির মূল অংশ চিঠিন এই অংশে লেখকের বক্তব্য বিষয় থাকে। কাজেই এই অংশ সবচেয়ে প্রয়োজনীয়। এক বা একাধিক দিক (points) অনুসারে বক্তব্য বিষয় এক বা একাধিক Paragraph-এ লিখতে হয়। সম্পাদনের একটু নিচে ডানদিকে সরিয়ো Capital Letter ব্যবহার করে এই অংশের প্রথম লাইনটি আরম্ভ করতে হয়।

5. The Subscription (প্রজনোচিত বিদায় গ্রহণ মূল চিঠি শেষ হলে বক্তব্যের শেষ লাইনের ঠিক নিচে ডানদিকে লেখকের দস্তখতের ঠিক উপরে আলাদা লাইনে এটি লিখতে হয়। এর শেষে একটি Comma বসাতে হবে। পত্র লেখক ও প্রাপকের মধ্যকার সম্বন্ধের বিভিন্নতা অনুসারে Subscription বিভিন্ন প্রকার হতে পারে।

(i) আত্মীয়-জন ও বন্ধু-বান্ধবের নিকট- Your affectionate or loving father, mother, son. daughter, friend etc.)

(ii) নিষ্ঠ বন্ধু- বাজবের নিকট- Your sincerely or sincerely yours, Ever yours or yours Server ইত্যাদি।

III) অপরিচিত বা সামান্য পরিচিত ব্যক্তিদের নিকট Yours truly or Truly yours. Yours faithfully or Faithfully yours ইত্যাদি।

(iv) সরযাপক আবেদন পত্র ইত্যাদিতে Yours obediently, Yours faithfully-

(v) শিক্ষকের নিকট- I remain Sir.Your most obedient pupil.

6. The Signature of the Writer (পত্র লেখকের দস্তখত বা স্বাক্ষর) Subscription-এর নিচে। একটু ডানদিকে লেখকের Signature বা দড়ান্ত করতে হবে। আত্মীয়-স্বজন ও ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু-বান্ধবদের নিকট পত্র লেখকের ডাক নাম, বা Nick name ব্যবহার করা উচিত। অন্যক্ষেত্রে সম্পূর্ণ নাম লিখতে হবে। আধুনিক রীতিতে Personal Letter-এ signature-এর পর সাধারণত Full-stop দেওয়া হয়। কিন্তু Formal s Official Letters-এ এখন প্রায়ই Full stop দেওয়া হয়।

7. Superscription (প্রাপকের ঠিকানা) : এই অংশে প্রাপকের সম্পূর্ণ নাম, উপাধি এবং ঠিকানা লিখতে হয়। মুসলমানদের নামের পূর্বে Moulvi Janab এবং হিন্দুদের নামের পূর্বে Babu, Sri, Srijukta বা অবস্থাভেদে উভয়কে Mr. লিখতে হয় কিংবা এ সমুদয়ের পরিবর্তে নামের শেষে Esqr. লেখা যায় কিন্তু আগে এবং পরে এই দুই প্রকার সম্মানজনক শব্দ একসঙ্গে ব্যবহার করা চলে না অর্থাৎ আগে Moulvi বা Mr. এবং পরে Esq. T. Moulvi Tofazzal All M. A. LL.B; Prof Badaruddin Omar. M.A ইত্যাদি।

একাধিক বংশনাম বা পদবির (Personal name or surname)-এর সমষ্টিতে গঠিত কোন Business Firm–এর নামের পূর্বে Messes ব্যবহৃত করা হয়। যেমন- Messrs Khan Chowdhury and Co.. Firm-এর নাম নৈর্ব্যক্তিক (Impersonal) হলে Messes বসবে না।

যেমন- Blue Printers

Note: চিঠির কাগজের বাম দিকে অন্তত এক ইঞ্চি পরিমাণ Margin থাকা প্রয়োজ

1. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the Final Examination.

10. Dakshin Khan, 20 Sep. 2006.

Uttara.

My dear Saju,

I have just heard of your result of the Final Examination. I convey my heartiest congratulations on your brilliant success. To secure A+ in five subjects is not a matter of joke. All your friends and relatives must be proud that you have won such distinction. We are specially happy that you performed so well, even though, you had fallen ill just before the examination.

I am sure, this result will encourage you to do better in your higher studies. If you come out successfully of the admission. I hope, you will choose either Science or Engineering course. If it is Computer Science, you should prefer BUET.

I think, you are being flooded with letters from your friends and relatives. I wish you a still more glorious future.
Letter Writing

Yours ever. Arif

2. Write a letter to a friend inviting him to spend the summer vacation with you.

My dear Tareq,

Many thanks for your sweet letter.

Rajshahi 1.2.07

I came to know that your college will be closed for the summer vacation from the 20th May. I would like to give you a proposal for spending the vacation with us at Rajshahi. After a long confinement in the city you will feel happy in the country side. The rural environment will refresh your mind and restore your energy. The Padma and the mango grove are special attractions. Besides, my parents will be very glad to have you with us. Please do come.

Your loving friend.

Ahmad

3. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to join the birthday party.

Dhaka 1st January, 2007

My dear Arif. You will be glad to learn that my fourteenth birthday comes off on the 10th instant. All our near and dear ones are expected to join the celebration. Mother asks me to invite you to come and dine with us that evening. There will be a lot of fun and merry-making on that day. So be sure to come. With love to you.

Your loving friend Anis

4. Write a letter to your father inquiring about his health.

Satkhira The 10th July, 2006

My dear Father.

It is a long time since I received your letter. So we are very anxious at home. When you left home for your place of work, you were a bit unwell. How are you at present? We are waiting for your letter. Hope, you will kindly let us know the present condition of your health. We request you to come home in the next month. I shall be glad to have you in our midst. Hope, this will find you hale and hearty.

Yours lovingly.

Awal.

5. Write a letter to your friend for the loan of a book.

My dear Asad,

Pabna August 5, 2006

I am sorry to write to you that I lost my book of Grammar. Translation and Composition, last week. I have learnt that you have two copies of the same book. So I am requesting you to lend me a copy of yours for a fortnight. I shall receive money from my elder brother within fifteen days. Then I shall buy a new copy and return your one without fail. Hope, you will not mind.

Thanking you.

Yours ever.

6. Write a letter to your friend about a visit to a place of interest.

Dhaka July 18, 2006

My dear Mazid,

You will be surprised to hear that during the last short holiday. I along with some friends went to the Dhakeswari Cotton Mills at Narayanganj by train. It was a wonderful new experience to me to see hundreds of people working there. It was really interesting to me to find raw cotton being made into fine thread and then into the fine cloth. It would have been more interesting if you were with us.

Yours sincerely

Khaled.

7. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to the marriage ceremoney of your sister.

Muktagacha, Mymensingh Dated: 20.07. 06

My dear Abul,

You will be glad to know that my elder sister’s marriage ceremony will be held on the 30th March at our village home. The bridal party will reach here at 12-30 p.m. All of our relatives and friends will attend the ceremony and Join the party. You will also come to our house on that day earlier and if you Join us I shall be very much glad and so my parents.

With best love to you..

Yours ever.

Kamrul.

8. Write a letter to your friend invinting him/her to join the picnic.

Dhanmondi, Dhaka Dated: 16.01.06

My dear X.

You will be glad to know that we have arranged a picnic which is going to take place on the 31st of this month. The place we have chosen that Kotbari Comilla is undoubtedly a very beautiful and renowned historical place. We also have hired a 40-seated luxurious coach which will carry us there. You are also cordially invited to join us to attend the picnic. I request you to come to our house on that day at 7.30 a.m. Really we shall be very glad to have you in our midst.

Letter Writing

Sincerely yours. Y.

BUSINESS LETTERS

9. Write a letter to a book selling firm for catalogue of library books.

Comilla Zilla School

To

The 15th January, 2006

The Manager.

Dear Sir,

May I request you to be so good as to send me per book post a catalogue of your library books at your earliest convenience.

Dated: Comilla

the 15th January…

Yours faithfully.

Sk. Abdur Rahaman BBS 1st year

10. Write a letter to the manager of a publication requesting him to send you some books.

To

The Manager

St. Paul High School, Satkhira The 1st February, 2007

Dear Sir,

I shall be highly obliged if you kindly send me the following books per V.P.P. at your earliest convenience.
List of books:

1. ( Example )

2.( Example )

3.( Example )

Yours faithfully.

Shafiqul Bari BBS 1st year

11. Write a letter to a sports goods selling firm ordering some sports goods.

To

The Manager,

Shialkote Sports I no. stadium market. Dhaka-1000

Chandana High School, Gazipur Dated: 10.01.06

Dear Sir,

I shall be much obliged and glad if you kindly send me the following sports
goods per railway parcel at your earliest convenience.
List of goods:

1. Two footballs

2. Two football pumpers.

3. One pair of gloves.

4. Two cricket bats

5. Three stumps

Thanking you

Yours faithfully,

Azmol Hossain Chandana, Gazipur.

12. Write an application to the Circulation Manager for subscribing newspaper.

To

The Circulation Manager,

The Daily Janakantha,

Dhaka.

Subject: Prayer for enlisting as yearly subscriber.

Dear Sir,

I, the undersigned, wish to be a yearly subscriber of your esteemed “Daily Janakantha” with effect from the 1st May 2007. I am also remitting here with Tk. 2000 (Two thousand) only by M. O. for its subscription I shall be highly obliged if you kindly enlist me as a yearly subscriber.

Dated: Goripur

25th April

Faithfully yours,

Atiqur Rahman

Goripur, Camilla

13. Write a letter to a book-seller at Dhaka to send per V.P.P. some books which are not available at the local market.

To

The Manager

Library, Dhaka

Dear Sir.

I shall be highly obliged if you kindly send me per V.P.P. at your earliest convenience the following books which are not available in the local
market.

List of books:

1.

2.

3.

Yours faithfully,

Abul Mazid, Bagerhat College, Bagerhat

14. Write a letter to the publisher for cancelling an order.

То

M/s. Mullick Brothers & Co. Banglabazar. Dhaka-1000.

Azad store Dakhin Khan The 18th April, 2006

Dear Sir,

I beg to draw your attention to my order dated 12-2-06 and to say that this delay on your part in executing the same has caused me great inconvenience and some loss too. Will you be so good as to let me know if the goods ordered have already been despatched. If they do not reach me within three days, you are requested to cancel my order. Y

ours faithfully,

T. Chowdhury Manager. Azad Store.

15. Write a letter complaining about a damaged and a defective books.

To

The Manager,

Globe Library. 18 Bangla Bazar Dhaka.

Azad store. Dhaka

The 26th May, 2006

Dear Sir,

I regret very much to inform you that of the books sent by you in execution of my order dated March 20, 2006. T. Chowdhury’s Biology is in a damaged condition and Nazrul’s Grammar is wanting in 20 pages (pp. 100- 110). These are, therefore, returned to you in a registered cover.

May, I request you to replace them at your earliest convenience.

Yours faithfully. T. Ahmed.

16. Write a letter to the Manager/ Branch Manager of a Bank for a Bank draft.

Το

The Branch Manager. Janata Bank Dakshin Khan.

Ashkona Dhaka-1230.

Dear Sir.

I shall be highly obliged if you supply me with a Bank draft of Tk. 2000/- (Taka two thousand only) in favour of Globe Library. Please debit the amount to my currect account.

Thanking you.

Yours faithfully T.Chowdhury

17. Write an application to the authorities concerned for the post of a clerk.

15 December, 2006

The Manager

Lecture Guide House 38 Banglabazar, Dhaka.

Subject: An application for the post of a clerk.

Sir.

In response to your advertisement in the “Daily Juguntar on 12th December, 2006, I have come to know that a clerk is going to be appointed in your office. I beg to apply for the post. My necessary particulars have been given below for your kind consideration

Name: Md. Nazrul Islam.

Father’s Name: Md. Insan Ali

Present Address: Vill-Chinishpur, P.O. Narsingdi College Dist. Narsingdi

Permanent Address:; Vill-Chinishpur, P.O. Narsingdi College, Dist. Narsingdi

Educational qualifications: (1) 1997. Dhaka Board: SSC (Second Division)

(ii) 1999, Dhaka Board: HSC Second division.

Nationality: Bangladeshi

Religion:Islam

Date of Birth: 4th July, 1981

Experience :Working at Sure Success Publication, Dhaka since
2000.

May, I therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to consider my case and appoint me in the post prayed for and oblige thereby.

Yours faithfully, Md. Nurul Hoque.

Today is our topic of discussion- Joining of Sentences

Joining of Sentences

এই Lesson-এ বিভিন্ন Pattern এর Sentence তৈরীর জন্য Structure দেয়া আছে। সে অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন নিয়ম প্রয়োগ করে দু’টি Sentence-কে join করে একটি Sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হবে। নিম্নে ধারাবাহিকভাবে Structure ও নিয়মগুলো আলোচনা করা হল:

1. Sothat (এত যে)

So that দিয়ে দুটি Sentence কে যুক্ত করতে হলে নিম্নের নিয়ম অনুস্মরণ করতে হয়।

a) প্রথম বাক্যের very এর পরিবর্তে so

b) তারপর Adjective / adverb.

c) পরে (.) full stop উঠে that

d) শেষে দ্বিতীয় বাক্য।

যেমনঃ

The man is very fat. He can not move.
Ans: The man is so fat that he can not move.
(ii) Rana was a very honest boy. He could never tell a lie. Ans. Rana was so honest boy that he could never tell a lie.

2. Too – To ( এত / এতই……. যে)

যখন দুই বাক্যের Subject এক থাকে তখন এই নিয়ম :

(a) প্রথম বাক্যে verb থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে সেখানে too লিখতে হবে। এছাড়া প্রথম বাক্যের আর কোন পরিবর্তন। হবে না। verb না থাকলে প্রথম বাক্যের verb এর পরে too বসাতে হবে।

(b) এর পরে Full stop বাদ দিয়ে to লিখতে হবে।

(c) এর পরে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের verb থেকে শুরু করে শেষ পর্যড় লিখতে হবে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের verb টি Past tense থাকলে পরিবর্তন করে Present tense-এ নিতে হবে।

(d) দ্বিতীয় Sentence এর শুরুতে sufficient, so, but, and, as থাকলে তা বাদ দিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ :

a) The boy is very small. He cannot do the work. Ans:- The boy is too small to do the work.

b) Jerry was very honest. He did not show any excuse.

Ans:- Jerry was too honest to show any excuse.

* যখন দুটি বাক্যের Subject ভিন্ন হয়, তখন এই নিয়ম :

(a) ১ম Sentence এ যথারীতি too বসে এবং উক্ত sentence এর অন্য কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না

(b) for বসে

(c) ২য় Sentence এর Subject টি Objective form বসে

(d) to বসে

(e) মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে (তবে ১ম sentence এর subjcet কে নির্দেশকারী কোন pronoun থাকলে তা উঠে যায়)

উদাহরণ– Mr. Rahim is very honest The villagers can not disobey him. Ans. Mr. Rahim is too honest for the villagers to disobey.

উলেখ্য : too এর পূর্বে বা পরে কোন article বসে না তাই সেক্ষেত্রে article টি উক্ত Sentence এর শেষোক্ত Noun এর পূর্বে বসে।।

উদাহরণ :

It is a very interesting matter. We can not overlook it. Ans. It is too interesting a matter for us to overlook.

3. Present Participle (Verb + ing)

দৃটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে এই নিয়ম

a) প্রথম বাক্যের Subject উঠে যায়।

b) তারপর ১ম বাক্যের Verb এর Present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।

c) প্রথম বক্যের বাকী অংশ লেখার পর comma দিতে হবে।

d) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject বাদ দিয়ে সেখানে প্রথম বাক্যের Subject লিখতে হবে। এর পর দ্বিতীয় বাক্য অপরিবর্তীত ভাবে লিখতে হবে তবে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের শুরতে and, so, then, but থাকলে বাদ দিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ :

1. Jerry sat by the fire. He told a series of lies.
Ans:- Sitting by the fire, Jerry told a series of lies..

2. The old sailor left the marriage guest. He went away.
Ans:- Leaving the marriage guest, the old sailor went away.

4. Because of / On account of (arce

* কারণ নির্দেশক Sentence টি প্রথমে দেয়া থাকলে এই নিয়ম :

a) সর্বপ্রথমে Because of বসাতে হবে।

b) Sentence Subject Possessive

Subject

Possessive Case

My

She

They

Her

Their

He

His

Our

We

Della’s

Della

Jerry’s Your

Jerry You

c) এর পরে কারন প্রকাশক বাক্যের Verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হবে।

d) কিন্তু যদি বাক্যে শুধুমাত্র auxiliary verb থাকে তাহলে am, is, are, was, were থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে being লিখতে হবে এবং বাক্যে have, has, had থাকলে তা বাদ নিয়ে ঐ স্থানে having লিখতে হবে।

e) প্রথম Sentence এর বাকী অংশ লিখে comma দিতে হবে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটি অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে লিখতে হবে।

f) Joining করার সময় কোন বাক্যের শুরুতে so, as, then, but yet থাকলে বাদ দিতে হয়।

উদাহরণ :

1. I was weak. I could not work.

Ans: Because of my being weak, I could not work.

2. I was careful. I escaped the danger. Ans:- Because of my being careful, I escaped the danger. কারণ নির্দেশক Sentence পরে থাকলে এই নিয়ম (a) প্রথমে ফল নির্দেশক Sentence টি বসে

(b) because of

(c) কারণ sentence টির subject এর possessive form বসে+

(d) মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগে sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

B: Everybody loves Jasim. He is very honest. Ans. Everybody loves Jasim because of his being very honest. কারণ নির্দেশক sentence এর শুরুতে যদি it বা there থাকে তাহলে এই নিয়ম

(a) কারণ নির্দেশক sentence এর পূর্বে Because of বসে

(b) উক্ত sentence এর মূল verb এর পর থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে

(c) অপর sentence টি অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে।

There was dense fog. They could not go out.

Ans. Because of dense fog, they could not go out

5. Not only .. But also ( শুধু তাই নয়)

a) Not only But also নিয়ে দুটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি বাক্য পড়ে নিতে হবে। প্রথম ও দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে যে সকল Word এক থাকে প্রথম বাক্য থেকে সেই সকল Word লিখতে হবে এবং এর পরে Not only লিখতে হবে।

b) এর পরে প্রথম বাক্যের বাকী অংশ লিখতে হবে।

c) Not only এর পূর্বে যে সকল Word লিখা হয়েছে দ্বিতীয় বাক্য থেকে সেই সকল Word বাদ দিয়ো সেখানে But also লিখতে হবে।

d) এর পরে দ্বিতীয় বাকোর বাকী অংশ লিখতে হবে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে also, too, so, and then, as well থাকলে তা বাদ দিতে হবে

উদাহরণ :

দুইটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে

1. They cursed him. They hung the dead albatross.

Ans:- They not only cursed him but also hung the dead albatross.

2. He rebuked me. He helped me too.

Ans:- He not only rebuked me but also helped me.

6. Relative Pronoun ( गा Noun ा Pronoun এর পরিবর্তে বসে)

সাধারণতঃ Who, which, that, whose, who, what a Word Relative Pronoun করা হয়। Relative Pronoun দিয়ে Sentence যুক্ত করার সময়

a) প্রথম বাক্যটি অপরিবর্তীত ভাবে লিখতে হবে।।।

b) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject দিয়ে মানুষ বুঝা Subject বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Who বসাতে হবে।

c) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject দিয়া বন্ধ, প্রাণী, শিশু, দেশের নাম ইত্যাদি বুঝালে ঐ Subject বা নিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Which বসাতে হবে।

d) দ্বিতীয় ব্যাংকার Subject his, their our her ইত্যাদি থাকে তাহলে উহা বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Whose লিখতে হবে।

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject যখন মানুষ বুঝাবে তখন Who বসবে ।

1. I met a boy yesterday. He is my brother.

Ans:- Yesterday I met a boy who is my brother.

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject যখন বস্তু, প্রাণী, শিশু বুঝাবে তখন Which বসবে।

1. The old sailor saw an albatross. It made the wind blow.

Ans:- The old sailor saw an albatross which made the wind blow.

দ্বিতীর বাক্যের Subject যখন her, his, my, your, their হয় তখন Whose বসবে।

1. I met a boy. His father is a teacher.

Ans:- I met a boy whose father is a teacher.

7. Since / As / Because / For ( সেহেতু, কারণ)

a) দুইটি বাক্যের মধ্যে যে বাক্যটি কারণ প্রকাশ করে সেই বাক্যটির পূর্বেই এগুলো বসাতে হবে। তবে Since / as বাক্যের শুরুতে বা মাঝে বসতে পারে। কিন্তু because / for সাধারণত বাক্যের মাঝে বসে। এক্ষেত্রে কারণ প্রকাশক বাক্যটি আগে থাকলে তা for / because এর পরে নিয়ে যেতে হবে। ১ম থাকা কারণ প্রকাশ করলে গঠনas / since +১ বাক্য কমা (,)+2 বাকা। আবার ২য় বাক্য কারণ প্রকাশ করলে গঠন ১ম বাকা + as / since না থাকা।

b) প্রথম বা দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের অনুতে as, so therefore, as a result, that is why, thus, this is why, hence, then থাকলে তা বাদ নিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ

1. Jim was poor. That is why he could not buy a pen.
Ans:- As / Since Jim was poor, he could not buy a pen.

2. The prices of things were much higher. So the writer was startled. Ans. The writer was startled for / because /as / since the prices of things were much higher.

8. Infinitive (To + verb) / In Order to ( উদ্দেশ্য)

Verb — Present form এর আগে to বসে Infinitive গঠিত হয়। Infinitive দ্বারা দু’টি বাক্য যুক্ত করার নিয়ম নিম্নরূপ ও

a) প্রথমে উদ্দেশ্যহীন বাক্যটি বসে। এরপর উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাক্যটির পূর্বে Infinitive (to+verb) / in order to বসে। তারপর বাক্যের Subject, auxiliary verb (must, can, many, shall, will, do, did ইত্যাদি) উঠে। বাক্যের ইচ্ছা বা উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক শব্দ/ Phrase (wish / intend / hope / want / wanted to, with this end, in view, for this / that purpose ইত্যাদি) প্রভৃতি বাদ যায়। তবে কোন Negative চিহ্ন (not, never ইত্যাদি) থাকলে তা ‘to’ এর পূর্বে বসান।

b) তারপর বাকোর মূল Verb এর Present form বাকি অংশ যুক্ত হবে।

c) উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাকাটি প্রথমে থাকলে অপরটিকে বাক্যের অনুতে আনতে হবে।

d) হয় নাকোর কোন Pronoun (it, them প্রভৃতি) ১ম বাকোর Object- কে নির্দেশ করণে অর্থাৎ একই ব্যক্তি/বস্তুকে বুঝালে ानা गाবে।

গঠন : প্রথমে উদ্দেশ্যহীন বাক্যটি to / in order to + উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাক্যের Subject বান + বাক্যের auxiliary verb, wish / Intend / want to ইত্যাদি থাকলে বাল + মূল Verb এর Present form +বাক্যের বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

(a) I have some duties. I must perform them.
Ans. I have some duties to perform.

(b) I shall never do it again, I am determined.
Ans. I am determined never to do it again.

(c) The dog lay close to him. It wanted to find comfort there.
Ans. The dog lay close to him to / in order to find comfort there.

9. In Spite of / Despite (AG)

a) এক্ষেত্রে না থাকো notwithstanding, still, but, yet, nevertheless প্রভৃতি থাকলে বা ে

b) তারপর বাক্য দুটির যেটিতে সত্ত্বেও যদিও ধারণা যুক্ত থাকে, তার পূর্বেই in spite of বসে। But, vet প্রভৃতি ২য় থাকো থাকা ১ম থাকোর আগে in spite of বসে।

c) In spite of ১ম বাকোর আগে বসলে ১ম বাদ শেষে একটি কমা (,) বসবে।

d) In spite of-4 Subject- Possessive form/case: He- his, she-her, you-your, it-its, they-their refs Noun Subject -Rahim, the girl, the porter gefe apostrophe .

NB: কোন বাক্যের Subject পাখি, প্রাণি, নম্র, পদার্থ, আবহাওয়া, শরীরের অঙ্গ প্রভৃতি হলে ঐ শব্দ/শব্দ সমূহ অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থা In spite of এর পরে বসে।

e) Be’ Verb (am, is, are, was, were refs CAST SRT)- 45 R being Verb “To Have’ (has, have, had sefy face having Verb (love, dislike, kill, hate f) Gerund-4 Verb- 4 Present form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।

(i) দুটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে in spite of এর পরে Pronoun এর Possessive form ব্যবহার করাই শ্রেয় এবং Noun টিঁকে অন্য অংশের Subject করতে হবে।

N. B: Inspite of despite-fructe y Subject-

Possessive form Verb am, is, are, was, have, has, had প্রভৃতি থাকলে বাদ যাবে এবং Adjective থাকলে তা Noun -এ পরিণত হবে। যেমন: rich riches, poor poverty, strong-strengh refs / Doing’ verb 4 Present form- এর সাথে ‘ing’ যুক্ত হয়।

(i) In spite of + Subject-47 Possessive form + being/having / verb+ing

(gerund)+ সত্ত্বেও ধারণা যুক্ত বাক্যের বাকি শব্দ + মা (,) + অন্য বাক্যটি।

(i) In spite of Subject- Possessive form Verb am/is/ are/was/ were/ have/has / had + Adjective- Noun form / Verb ing (gerund) + সঙ্গে ধারণা যুক্ত বাক্যের বাকি শব্দ অন্য বাক্যটি।

Example:

(a) The old sailor killed a bird. Yet, he got relief. Ans. In spite of his killing a bird, the old sailor got relief.

(b) He was unhappy. He had vast wealth.
Ans. He was unhappy in spite of his having vast wealth.
Or, He was unhappy in spite of his vast wealth.

(c) I was busy. Yet, I met him yesterday.
Ans. In spite of my being busy, I met him yeserday.

10. Though / Although ()

1. (a) দুটি আপাতঃ বিরোধ ধারণাকে যুক্ত করতে Conjunction রূপে though /although ব্যবহৃত notwithstanding, still, yet, but, nevertheless ef गान गान।

(b) এরপর দুটি বাক্যের মেটির সাথে যদিও সত্ত্বেও ধারণা যুক্ত থাকে, তার পূর্বেই although / though বসে । But, yet প্রভৃতি ২য় নাকো থাকলে although / though ১ম বাক্যের আগে বসবে।

(c) Although / though বাক্যের অনুতে বসলে ১ম বাক্য শেষে একটি কমা (,) +although/though   Although / Though ++ERT :(,)+2T ART ||| অথবা, Although / Though যে বাক্যের উপর বেশি জোর+অন্য বাকাটি।

Example:

(a) They will come. They have no car.

Ans. They will come though / although they have no car.

(b) It is difficult to explain. But it exists. Ans. Although/Though it is difficult to explain, it exists.

(c) Her eyes were shining brilliantly. But her face had lost its colour.
Ans. Though her eyes were shining brilliantly, her face had lost its colour.

Exercise

Too ——- To

1. I am extremely tired. I cannot help him.

2. I was very young. I had not learned to say ‘no’ to a women.

3. He played very well. He got the prize.

4. They are very nice. They cannot be used.

5. The parcel is very heavy. It cannot be sent by post.

6. Jerry was very honest. He was liked by the authoress.

7. The load is very heavy.

I cannot carry it.

Present Participle

1. 1 had finished my word. Then I left the room.

2. I answered. I thanked her.

3. The old sailor went away. He left the marriage guest.

4. The sun has set. We went outside.

5. The tea is very hot. I cannot drink it.

6. Della was slender. She mastered the art.

Because of

1. He had experince. He was appointed Headmaster.

2. He behaved badly. He was punished.

3. I worked hard. I earned much money.

4. They played well. They won the prize.

Not only but also

1. The lady ate caviare. She also drank coffee.

2. Jerry is honest. He is industrious too.

3. We are poor. We are also unwilling to work hard.

4. Foreign travel is pleasant. It is also instructive.

Relative Pronoun

1. Jerry had an imaginary mother. She lived in Mannvile.

2. I read David copperfield. It is a very interesting book.

3. She is a beautiful girl. Her sister is a nurse.

4. He is a teacher. I saw him writing.

Since / As

1. God forgave the old saior. He showed love to all creatures.

2. Della sold her hair. She wanted to buy a gift for Jim.

Infinitive

1. People at school read books. They want to please their teacher.

2. We gain knowledge. We go to school.

3. He buys vegetables. He goes to market.

4. I shall never do it. I am determined.

In Spite of

1. The boy could not pass the examination. He was inattentive.

2. The weather is very rough. We cannot go out.

3. There was cold weather. They could not go out.

Today is our topic of discussion- Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction

Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction

ইংরেজি বাক্য গঠন করার সময় যেসব বিষয়ে শিক্ষার্থীরা ভুল করে থাকে তা ভালভাবে খেয়াল করা প্রয়োজন। ভুল হবার বিশেষ বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রগুলোর দিকে যদি আগে থেকে একটু মনোযোগ দেয়ার অভ্যাস থাকে তাহলে বাক্য গঠন করার সময় ভুল এড়ানো সম্ভব হয়। শিক্ষার্থীরা প্রধানত দুই ভাবে ভুল করে থাকে :

(i) Word-এর ব্যবহারজনিত ভুল

(II) বাক্যের গঠনরূপ বা structure জনিত ভুল ।

নিচে এ বিষয়ে বিশদ আলোচনা করা হল :

1.elther ও neither প্রত্যেকে দু’টির মধ্যে একটি বুঝায়, তবে either-এর পরিবর্তে। anyone এবং neither এর পরিবর্তে no one বা none বসে। যেমন- Inc. Either of the three boys will do. Cor: Anyone of the three boys will do. Inc: Neither of the three things will do. Cor: None of the three things will do.

2।কতগুলো Latin comparative degree-এর পূর্বে more বসে না এদের পরে than না হয়ে to Junior senior, inferior, superior etc. Inc. He is superior than Rahim.

Cor: He is superior to Rahim.

Inc. Alam is junior than him.

Cor: Alam is junior to him.

Inc. Bread is inferior than rice.

Cor: Bread is inferior to rice.

3।Complement দ্বারা কোন sentence গঠিত হলে এর পূর্বে কখনও as ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-

Inc: Karim was appointed as Headmaster.

Cor: Karim was appointed Headmaster.

Inc: They elected Kader as their captain.

Cor: They elected Kader their captain.

4.English

know verb- object, infinitive, infinitive-how

যেমন-

Inc: 1 know to swim.

Cor: I know how to swim.

Cor: 1 know swimming.

Inc: He knows to write.

Cor: He knows how to write.

Cor: He knows writing.

5. Present perfect tense-এর মধ্যে যদি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের কথা হলেখ থাকে তবে তা present perfect tense Past indefinite Tense.

Inc: The man has died at 2. p.m.

Cor: The man died at 2. p.m.

Inc: He has come here yesterday.

Cor: He came here yesterday.

6.মানুষের পরিবর্তে other ব্যবহৃত হয় কিন্তু কোন বস্তু বা স্থানের পরিবর্তে হয় না। যেমন-

Ine: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and others. Cor: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and other things.

7. এক জাতীয় বহু পদার্থের তুলনা করলে than-এর পরে all other বা any other বসাতে হয়। যেমন-
Inc: Kalidas was greater than all poets.
Cor: Kalidas was greater than all other poets.

8. Full যখন জন্য একটি word-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয় এখন শুধু শেষের L টি বাদ দিয়ে দিতে হয়। দমন-
Inc: The cow is a usefull animal.
Cor: The cow is a useful animal.

9. ইংরেজি বাক্যের ধর্ম অনুযায়ী একই বাক্যে double negative ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে না। তাছাড়া adverts গুলো নিজেরাই negative-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই আর নতুন করে negative করার দরকার নেই। (never, nobody, hardly, scarcely, no more, nothing, until, unless, not neither, seldom)

Inc: Don’t never make a noise in the class.

Cor: Never make a noise in the class. Inc: I did not see nobody in the field.

Cor: 1 saw nobody in the field.

10. যখন কোন sentence-এ মিনিট হলে- থাকে তখন ‘O’clock বসে না। মিনিট হলে O clock

Ine: I shall start by the 6-30 O’clock train.

Cor: I shall start by the 6-30 train

Inc: I shall start by the 5 train. Cor: I shall start by the 5 O’clock train.

11. ‘with’ বা দু’টি subject যুক্ত হলে with এর পূর্বের subject অনুযায়ী verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন- Inc: The president with all his advisers were present in the meeting. Cor: The president with all his advisers was present in the meeting.

12. সমজাতীয় একাধিক noun বা pronoun-কে যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত করে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে verb singular হয়। যেমন-

Ine Slow and steady win the race.. Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.

13. sentence- subject noun. pronoun- sentence এই noun, pronoun-এর verb-এর number 5 person বসাতে হয়। যেমন-

Inc A large number of boys was present in the class. Cor: A large number of boys were present in the class.

14. কোন বাক্যে একজন থাকলে তার জন্য positive degree, দুইজন থাকলে তার জন্য comparative degree এর অধিক হলে superlative degree Inc: He is a better student.

Cor: He is a good student.

Inc: Sumon is good than his brother. .

Cor: Sumon is better than his brother Inc: He is better boy in this class.

Cor: He is the best boy in this class..

15. Comparative degree -এর ক্ষেত্রে পূর্ববর্তী কোন noun-কে বোঝাতে পরবর্তী pronoun-এর সাথে ‘s’ যুক্ত হয়। যদি noun পূর্বে হলেখ না থাকে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে ” বসবে না। অর্থাৎ টা অর্থে হলে second person-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়। যেমন- Ine: His report is better than your. Cor: His report is better than yours.

16. সাধারণত সহোদর নয় এমন লোকদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে older এবং সহোদর ভাই/বোনদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে elder ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে বড় বোঝাতে superlative degree eldest ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে ছোট বোঝাতে yourger এবং সবচেয়ে ছোট বোঝাতে youngest ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-

Inc: He is our younger brother. Cor: He is the youngest brother of us.

17. In এবং after-এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে মনে রাখতে হবে যে, in म সম future tense এবং after সব সময় past tense-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

যেমন- Ine: They will answer after a month. Cor: They will answer in a month.

18. পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কযুক্ত conjunction relative conjunction এ ক্ষেত্রে সব সময় একই clause, parts of speech phrase: Inc: He is as famous like Browning. Cor: He is as famous as Browning.

19. very much এর ব্যবহার এর ক্ষেত্রে লক্ষণীয় যে, very সব সময় present participle পূর্বে এ much সব সময় past participle এর পূর্বে বসে। যেমন-
Inc: The story is much interesting. Cor: The story is very interesting.

20. fancy, wish, as though, as if, high time of past tense
Inc fancy that the tempest stops soon. Cor: I fancy that the tempest would stop soon.

21. each every noun qualified verb singular number হবে। যেমন-
Inc: Every gentleman and every lady are given prize. Cor: Every gentleman and every lady is given a prize.

22 same such এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে কিছু পার্থক্য দেখা যায়। same-এর পরে as এবং মাঝে মাঝে that বসে কিশত such-এর পরে সর্বদা as বসে। যেমন-

Inc: You lost the same book which I lost.

Cor: You lost the same book as I lost.

23. Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত adjective বা participle-কে আলাদা বা সম্পর্কহীন রাখা চলে না। যেমন- Ine: Though much depressed, there is still hope for her. Cor: Though she is much depressed, there is still hope for her.

24. of verb – see, feel, mind, love, hate, like, hope, resemble, cost, forget, consist, suffice, sound, sum, believe, smell, wish, know, prefer. doubt, possess, imagine, taste, fear, please, astonish, understand, belong প্রভৃতি verb-এর কখনো continuous tense হয় না। যেমন- Inc: I am seeing a bird.

Cor: I see a bird.

25. সংখার ধারণা বোঝাতে comparative-এ fewer এবং পরিমাপের ধারণা বোঝাতে less ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

যেমন- Inc: No less than four eggs were broken. Cor: No fewer than four eggs were broken.

26. যেমনটি person is a sentence-4 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4 fa person- তবে ভাগ কাজ অর্থাৎ positive কাজ বোঝাতে 231 – 2nd 3rd Ist person বসে এবং মন্দ বা negative কাজ বোঝালে 132 অর্থাৎ 1st, 3rd 2nd person বসে। যেমন-

Ine: 1, he and you have helped the victims. Cor: You, he and I have helped the victims.

Inc: You, he and I are to be blamed.

Cor: 1, he and you are to be blamed.

27. one of ব্যবহার করে কোন বৃহৎ অংশের কোন portion বা অংশ বোঝালে সেক্ষেত্রে পরের noun বা pronoun plural noun

Inc: One of the student was sick.

Cor: One of the students was sick.

28. একই noun বা pronoun অর্থাৎ একই subject যখন একই সাথে দুটি কাজ করবে বা দুটি গুণের অধিকারী হবে, শুধু তখনই ঐ দুই গুণ বা verb-এর সম্পর্ক স্থাপনে not only but also ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-

Inc: Not only he is a good student but also a good debater. Cor: He is not only a good student but also a good debater.

29. had better, had sooner, had rather sfs phrase sentence- FOTO পরবর্তী verb, principal verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-

Inc: We had better to leave this place. Cor: We had better leave this place.

30. f f f word to information, furniture, scenery, poetry, hair, machinery, off-spring ইত্যাদি সবসময় sentenced singular verb গ্রহণ করে। যেমন- Inc: The machinery imported from Japan work well.

Cor: The machinery imported from Japan works well.

31. Hardly, lest, until, unless, scarcely, none, nobody, no where negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। সুতরাং এগুলোর সাথে not, no, do not ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা ঠিক ন

Inc: I have not hardly any money. Cor: I have hardly any money.

নিম্নে কিছু উদাহরণ হলেখ করা হলঃ

Examples

In: She loves flowers.

Cor: She likes flowers.

Inc: She prides on her beauty.

Cor: She prides herself on her beauty.

Inc: The standard of their life is very high.

Cor: The standard of their living is very high.

Inc: She is neither seen to act or sing.

Cor: She is neither seen to act nor heard to sing.

Inc: She has given birth to a child.

Cor: She has begot a child.

Inc: Completing my work. I went out.

Cor: Having completed my work. I went out.

Inc: She is one of those who is not able to say no.

Cor: She cannot refuse.

Inc: One of our family members is invited there.

Cor: One of the members of our family is invited there.

Ine: My son is ill this week.

Cor: My son has been ill all this week.

Inc: She will combat with my view. Cor: She will oppose my view.

Inc: She is comparatively better today.

Cor: She is better today.

Inc: He will come just now.

Cor: He has come just now.

Inc: I have read a poetry.

Cor: I have read a piece of poetry.

Inc: Kamal is deaf of hearing.

Cor: Kamal is short of hearing or hard of hearing.

Inc: Bread and butter are my breakfast.

Cor: Bread and butter is my breakfast

Inc: He takes his meal there.

Cor: He takes his meals there.

Inc: Don’t loose your heart.

Cor: Don’t loose heart.

Cor: He is selected chairman .

Inc: Shortly this is what happened.

Cor: In short this is what happened.

Inc: Describe the incident in short.

Cor: Describe the incident in brief.

Inc: He is too strong to do this.

Cor: He is strong enough to do this.

Inc: 1 feel somewhat well.

Cor: I am pretty well.

Inc: Karim is somewhat tall for this age.

Cor: Karim is rather tall for this age.

Inc: You are hearing the sound.

Cor: You hear the sound.

Inc: He is waiting for a week.

Cor: He has been waiting for a week.

Inc: The party is comprised of ten man.

Cor: The party comprises ten man.

Inc: It is a true fact.

Cor: It is a fact.

Inc: So far I know he is an innocent.

Cor: So far as I know he is innocent.

Inc: The food was very tasteful.

Cor: The food was very tasty.

Inc: What name shall I call you?

Cor: By what name shall I call you?

Inc: None of us are perfect.

Cor: None of us is perfect.

Inc: Our teacher will not take the class today.

Cor: Our teacher will not hold the class today.

Inc: Airport is busy place.

Cor: Airport is a busy place.

Inc: Taking our seats, the game started.

Cor: While we were taking our seats, the game started.

Inc: When four years old. Paul’s father died.

Cor: While four years old. Paul’s father died.

Inc: Each of the actors made their entrance on time.

Cor: Each of the actors made his entrance in time.

Inc: Sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camels look very tiny.

Cor: While I was sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camel looked small.

Inc: Before I arrived, they had a serious quarrel.

Cor: Before I reached, they had a serious quarrel.

Inc: He rides on a horse.

Cor: He rides a horse.

Inc: Are you going to join in the meeting?

Cor: Are you going to join the meeting?

Inc: He is neither a poet nor dramatist.

Cor: He is neither a poet nor a dramatist. four years.

Inc: He is senior than you in

Cor: He is senior to you by four years.

Inc: You should refrain to smoke.

Cor: You should refrain from smoking.

Inc: He is quite in dark.

Cor: He is quite in the dark.

Inc: There is no place in the bench.

Cor: There is no room in the bench.

Inc My friend will come this day evening.

Cor: My friend will come this evening.

Inc Matin lives in a boarding.

Cor: Matin lives in a boarding house.

Inc: We shall discuss on the matter.

Cor: We shall discuss the matter.

Inc: He is fond of vegetable.

Cor: He is fond of vegetables.

Inc: See the word in the dictionary.

Cor: Look up the word in the dictionary.

Ine: Many a man were present there.

Cor: Many a man was present there.

Inc: He shook my hands.

Cor: He shook hands with me.

Inc: It’s a long time since we have met last.

Cor: It’s a long time since we met last.

Inc: This is the last but one question.

Cor: This is the last question but one.

Inc: My father is good in health.

Cor: My father is in good health.

Inc: We have not reached a final conclusion,

Cor: We have not reached a conclusion.

Inc: I have fewer than one hundred taka

Cor: I have less than one hundred taka.

Inc: He insists me to do this.

Cor: He insists on my doing this.

Inc: I cannot approve the proposal.

Cor: I cannot approve of the proposal.

Inc: He is resembling to his father.

Cor: He resembles his father.

Inc: She saw a bad dream last night.

Cor: She dreamt a bad dream last night.

Inc: I consider you as my brother.

Cor: I consider you my brother.

Inc: Open page seven.

Cor: Open at page seven.

Inc: One should perform his duties.

Cor: One should perform one’s duties.

Inc: She prefers to sing than to dance

Cor: She prefers singing to dancing.

Inc: He ordered for coffee.

Cor: He ordered coffee.

Inc: I will mend my pencil.

Cor: I will sharpen my pencil.

Inc: I am forbidden from going there.

Cor: I am forbidden to go there.

Ine: He has taken admission into college.

Cor: He has got admitted into college.

Inc: Slow and steady win the race.

Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.

Inc: I want the criminal to punish.

Cor: I want the criminal to be punished,

Inc: You cannot help to do this.

Cor: You cannot help doing this.

Inc: I have turned every stone to get a job.

Cor: I have left no stone unturned to get a job.

Inc: I will go out for a business.

Cor: I will go out for a piece of business,

Inc: I have no pen to write.

Cor: I have no pen to write with. Inc:

I will speak to the concerned officer.

Cor: I will speak to the officer concerned.

Inc: It is time we start our mission.

Cor: It is time we started our mission.

Inc: I was born in a village.

Cor: I was born in a village.

Inc: The clock has struck twelve hours.

Cor: The clock has struck twelve.

Inc: I wish I was a bird.

Cor: I wish I were a bird.

Inc The reason of his absence was due to illness.

Cor: His absence is due to illness.

Inc: He gave me thank.

Cor: He gave me thanks.

Inc: He talks as if he is mad.

Cor: He talks as if he were mad.

Inc: The director brainwashed the freshmen.

Cor: The director briefed the freshmen

Inc: They do not keep no records.

Cor: They keep no records.

Inc: I will not leave you go today.

Cor: I will not let you go today.

Inc: I could not hardly quit then.

Cor: I could hardly quit then.

Inc: He bought many furnitures.

Cor: He bought a lot of furniture,

Inc: This is a new discovery to us.

Cor: This is a discovery to us.

Inc: He said that he will support me.

Cor: He said that he would support me.

Inc: She says good English.

Cor: She speaks good English.

Inc: If you study regularly, you pass.

Cor: If you study regularly, you will pass in the examination.

Inc: Rekha has resigned from her post

Cor: Rekha has resigned her post

Inc: When one cannot swim you fear deep water.

Cor: The person who cannot swim fears deep water.

Inc: Rony was willing to pay the bill, and his purse was empty.

Cor: Rony was willing to pay the bill but his purse was empty.

Inc: A loud radio does not detract me when I am reading a good novel.

Cor: A loud radio does not distract me when I am reading a good novel.

Today is our topic of discussion- Prefix & Suffix, Synonyms and Antonyms

Prefix & Suffix, Synonyms and Antonyms

An addition to the beginning of a word is Prefix and an addition to the end is a Suffix.
শব্দের প্রথমে যা যোগ হয়, তাকে বলে Prefix (উপসর্গ)। শব্দের শেষে যা যোগ হয়, তাকে বলে Suffix (প্রত্যয়)।

1. Prefix.

Pre (before) fix = that which is fixed before a word in order to form a new word. (নূতন word গঠনের জন্য Prefix একটি word-এর পূর্বে বসে। সাধারণতঃ Prefix গুলি যদিও আলাদা word হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় না, তবু এদের প্রত্যেকটিরই একটি বিশিষ্ট অর্থ আছে। এগুলি অনেকটা বাংলা উপসর্গের মতো।)

Suffixes

Suffix (after) fts that which is fixed after a word. ( রেজা muffix একটি word-এর পরে বসে। Prefix গুদির আলাদা অর্থ থাকলে able, fold, full, less প্রভৃতি কয়েকটি suffix ছাড়া suffix গুলির নিজস্ব কোন অর্থ নেই। এগুলি যে শব্দের সঙ্গে যুক্ত হয়, তার অর্থ প্রার্থি প্রসারিত বা সঙ্কুচিত করে। এই ভাবে Sullix যোগে নুতন শব্দ গঠিত হয়। এই শব্দ Noun. Adjective, Verts বা Adverb হতে পারে। একটি বাংলা প্রভাষের মতো।

SYNONYMS

Synonyms न সমর্থক শব্দ English Language- করার জন্য শিক্ষার্থীদের সুবিধার জন্য কিছু Synonyms দেয়া হয় ।

Word

Absolute – চরম, শর্তহীন

Absurd অদ্ভূত

Adherent-অনুগত

Ambiguous-অনিশ্চিত

Ablution, অভিষেক

Abridge সংক্ষেপ করা

Adjacent – সংলগ্ন, নিকটবর্তী

Advocacy ওকালতি

Adultery-ব্যভিচার

Amiable-মনোরম, সৌজন্যপূর্ণ

Aggregate একত্র করা

Synonyms

Perfect সম্পূর্ণ

certain-নিশ্চিত

unconditional সার্বভৌম

Foolish-মূর্খ

stupid-নির্বোধ r

idiculous- হাস্যকর

Ally মিত্র

Supporter সমর্থক

defender রক্ষক

Vague-অস্পষ্ট

doubtful দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত

uncertain পরিবর্তনশীল

Purification-শোধন

washing-ধৌত

bathing- অবগাহন

Curtail-অংশ কেটে বাদ দেওয়া

compress ছোট করা

condense সংক্ষিপ্ত করা

abbreviate-সংক্ষিপ্ত করা

Close কাছাকাছি

adjoining- সন্নিহিত

near-

contigous- নিকটস্থ

Support সমর্থন defence- প্রতিরক্ষা

countenance অনুগ্রহ

Unchasteness- অসততা

infidelity বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা

Pleasant খোশমেজাজি

charming- মনোরম

kin – সদয়

benevolent সদাশয়

Collect – জান

gather একত্র করা

Accumulate- পুঞ্জিত করা

pile-সঞ্চিত করা

Word

Appetite ক্ষুধা, প্রবৃত্তি

Betray ছলনা করা, ফাঁস করা

Blithe-হাসিখুশি

Brisk. প্রাণবন্ত, কর্মর

Buxom হাসিখুশি নাদুসনুদুস

Blemish কলঙ্ক, বুটি

Burgher- নগরবাসী

Beneficial-লাভপ্রদ, সুবিধাজনক

Beg-ভিক্ষা করা, মিনতি করা

Bright আলোময়, বুদ্ধিমান

Busy বাস্তু নিরত

Battle, म

Synonyms

Hunger- ক্ষুধা

desire কামনা

liking পছন্দ

longing আকাঙ্ক্ষ

Decelve প্রতারণা করা

reveal প্রকাশ করা

ensnare ফাঁদে আটকানো

Joyous আনন্দপূর্ণ

merry- উল্লাসিত

gay- প্রাণচ

bright প্রফুল্ল

Alert সতর্ক

quick-

nimble চটপটে

active- fa

Hearty – স্বাস্থ্যবান

Jolly-প্রাণসত্ত্ব

gay-হাসিখুশি

blithe-

hearty সমাদর পূর্ণ

Stain-N

dishonour- অসম্মান

defect খুঁজে দোষ

Citizen – নাগরিক

bourgeois ব্যবসাদার

Profitable-লাভজনক

Salutary উপকার

salubrious স্বাস্থ্যকর

Entreat অনুরোধ করা

pray- প্রার্থনা করা

request অনুরোধ করা

Happy সুখী

lucid প্রাঞ্জল
-witty – বিচক্ষণ

Occupied. অধিকারভূক্ত

diligent অধ্যাবসায়ী

industrious পরিশ্রমী

Fight লড়াই

combat-

conflict সংঘাত

action-fam

Word

Blessing- আশীর্বাদ

Belief বিশ্বাস, আস্থা

Bear বহন করা

Casual সাময়িক, আকস্মিক

Conviction দৃঢ় বিশ্বাস

Conscious সচেতন

Courage সাহস

Credible-বিশ্বাসযোগ্য

Custom প্রথা, অভ্যাস

Childish-বালকসুলভ চপল

Confirm নিশ্চিত করা

Colleague সহকর্মী

Charming-মনোরম আকর্ষণীয়

Compassion করুণা

Synonyms

Thank কৃতজ্ঞতা

benediction- আশীর্বাদ

Faith ভরসা

trust আনুগত্য

reliance নির্ভরতা

Convey নিয়ে যাওয়া

carry- পৌঁছে দেওয়া

transport পরিবহন করা

support. ভারবহন করা

Incidental সম্ভাব্য

accidental- আকস্মিক

Assurance নিশ্চয়তা

belief- আস্থা

persuasion দৃঢ় প্রত্যয়

Aware- সতর্ক, অবগত

sensible- বিচক্ষণ

Bravery সাহস

valour – নিৰ্ভীকতা

boldness-

Trustworthy. নির্ভরযোগ্য

probable প্রামাণসাধ্য

Manner- রীতি

fashion- চলন

habit স্বভাব Silly- নিরীহ

gay- লঘুপ্রকৃতি

lively প্রাণবন্ত

Settle- স্থির করা

fix- দৃঢ় করা

strengthen- শক্তিশালী করা

Companion-

partner অংশীদার

ally-f

Fascinating মুগ্ধ করে এমন

helper- সাহায্যকারী

enchanting- মোহিত করে এমন

captivating- মনোহর

Sympathy- সহানুভূতি

condolence- শোক প্রকাশ

pardon-

Word

Charitable পরিহিতপরায়ন

Censure-নিন্দা করা

Cheerful প্রফুল্ল, হাশিখুশি

Calamity চরম দুর্দশা

Calim-দাবি করা।

Certain নিশ্চিত অবশ্যাম্ভাবী

Capability যোগ্যতা, সামর্থ্য

Confederate মৈত্রীবন্ধ

Candid- মনখোলা, অকপট

Chaos-বিশৃক্সখলা

Conceal গোপন করা

Contaminate সংক্রমিত করা

Counterfeit-

decry- নিন্দা করা, দোষ দেওয়া

Synonyms

Kind-

liberal উদার

beneficent হিতকর

Reprove- তিরস্কার করা

rebuke গালি দেওয়া

scold. ভৎর্সনা করা

Lively প্রাণবন্ত

blithe- হাসিখুশি

Joyous আনন্দপূর্ণ

happy সুখী

Misfortune দুর্ভাগা

mishap আকস্মিক দুর্ঘটনা

disaster চরম বিপর্যয়

Demand তলব করা

ask চাওয়া

right- স্থাপন করা

Absolute চরম

plain-

positive ইতিবাচক

Competency সক্ষমতা

ability যোগ্যতা

capacity- সামর্থ্য

Leagued সংঘবদ্ধ

united- একত্রিত

allied মৈত্রীবন্ধ

Frank সরল প্রাণ

sincere আরিক

Disorder- অরাজকতা

mess- ডালগোল

Hide লুকানো

cover আবৃত করা

Pollute- দূষিত করা

adulterate ভেজাল মিশান

Fake-fa

bogus- মিথ্যা, বাজে

Vilify- নিন্দা করা

condemn দোষ দেওয়া

abuse গালাগালি দেওয়া

Word

Diminish

Durable

Deter গাধা দেওয়া, নিসৃত করা

Deny প্রধান কা

Dusky-

Doubtful,

Disturb বাধা দে

Differ-fees.com

Debar বাধা দেওয়া

Desery – দেখতে পাওয়া

Dormant-

Dictate-নির্দেশ দেওয়ান

Daring- সাহসিক

Synonyms

Abate] काम

reduce-P

lessen গৌণ কর

Enduring- টেকসই

constant re

lasting-

Obstruct-or

stop-mo

prevent

Contradict item we
refute-

Cloudy or

dark-wom

dim-

obscure

Vacillating, w

irresolute-f

Trouble-f

worry-

Vary পরিবর্তিত

deviate-com

diverge.com

Deprive

prevent-T

deter বাধা দেয়া

Detect বের করা

mark if w

discover আবিষ্কার করা

Inert-

latent-

sleeping, yes Order o orust

command-w

direct from w Fearless-fre

brave-

bold [गानी

adventurous-of

ANTONYMS

[Opposite words-Re

Antonyms or opposite words may be formed in three ways.

[1] by adding prefixes like- un, non, dis, mis, anti, de, il, im, in, ir.

[2] by adding a suffix like-less.

(3) by using a new word.

(1) Antonyms formed by adding prefixes.

Today is our topic of discussion- Punctuation and Capitalization

Punctuation and Capitalization

আমরা কথা বলে বা লিখে মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে মাঝে মাঝে খামি বা বিরাম গ্রহণ করি। এ থামা বা বিরাম গ্রহণ করবার নির্দেশ দেয়ার জন্য যে সব চিহ্ন ব্যবহার করা হয় সেগুলিকে একসাথে Marks of Punctuation বা (বিরাম চিহ্ন) বলে। এসব বিরাম চিহ্ন সঠিক স্থানে সঠিক ব্যবহার করা না হলে অর্থবোধে অসুবিধা হয়। বিরাম চিহ্ন ছাড়া অর্থবোধই কঠিন হয়ে পড়ে।

নীচে প্রধান প্রধান বিরাম চিহ্নগুলি দেয়া হল :

1. Comma (

2. Full Stop (.)

3. Semicolon (:)

4. Colon (:)

5. Inverted Comma (“”)

6. Note of Interrogation (?)

7. Note of Exclamation (!)

8. Apostrophe (“)

9. Hyphen (-)

10. Dash (-)

1. Comma (.)

(1) একই জাতীয় কতকগুলি শব্দ একস্থানে পর পর বসলে সেগুলিকে পৃথক করতে Comma ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যথা- Alam, Abu and Amina are coming. I bought fish, vegetables, rice, sugar and ghee.

কিন্তু এক জাতীয় দুটি শব্দ একত্রে বসলে and দ্বারা যোগ করা হয় এবং Comma বসে না।
(11) Case in apposition কে Comma দিয়ে পৃথক করা হয়। Mr. Murshed, our Headmaster, is a good man.

iii) Case of Adress (সম্বোধন পদ )-কে Comma দিয়ে মূল Sentence হতে পৃথক করা হয়। Jalil, you may take this..

(iv) জোড়ায় জোড়ায় শব্দ ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রতি জোড়া বিচ্ছিন্ন করবার জন্য High and low, rich and
poor, wise and fool. (v) Absolute The sun having set, we started for home. Dinner being
over, the guests left the table. (vi) বাক্যের মধ্যে সন্নিবেশিত কোন Word বা Wards-কে বিচ্ছিন্ন করতে : I shall, however, help you. (vii) উদ্ধৃতির আগে যে Verb থাকে তার পরে Commna বসে : He said, “I shall help you.

2. Full Stop. (.)

(i) Assertive Optative Sentence- Full Stop PERIT-

(a) I am a boy.

(b) They went to Dhaka.

(c) He does not know me

(d) May you live long.
.
(e) God save the president.

(ii) কোন Word কোন লোকের, কোন বস্তুর বা কোন কিছুর নাম সংক্ষেপে লিখলে, সংক্ষেপে লেখা বর্ণগুলির

Full Stop পরে বসেঃ S. A. Wahab, B.A. Habib Khan, B.A. M.A.

3. Semi-Colon (:)

Sentence-এর দু’টি অংশের মধ্যে নিকট সম্পর্ক থাকলে ‘Semi-colon’ দিয়ে পৃথক করা হয়।

(a) Work hard; other wise you will fail.

(b) He was late for school; therefore, he missed a lesson.

4. Colon- (:)

(i) পূর্ববর্তী Sentence-এর বিষয়ে কোন প্রমাণ বা কারণ দেখাতে colon-এর ব্যবহার হয়। যেমনঃ

(a) I know him well: We lived together for five years. (b) He cried out: What a sad thing!

(ii) দৃষ্টাস্ত্তু উদাহরণ, ব্যাখ্যা ইত্যাদির আগে Colon বসে। Verbs are of two kinds Transitive and Intransitive.

5. Inverted Comma (“-“)

(Byfe fox)

কারো কথা অবিকল প্রকাশ করতে হলে তাকে Inverted Comma এর মধ্যে রাখতে হয়। যেমন

(a) Rahim said to me, “I shall meet you today.”

(b) I said to Karim, “I am glad to see you.”

6. Note of Interrogation-(?)

(প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন)

প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করা হলে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে Note of Interrogation ব্যবহৃত হয়ে
থাকে। যেমন

(a) Who are you ?

(b) Have you done this work?

7. Note of Exclamation (!)

(আবেগ সূচক চিহ্ন)

(1) যে Sentence হর্ষ, বিবাদ, বিস্ময়, প্রভৃতি মনের আবেগ বুঝায় (Exclamatory), তার শেষে note of
Exclamation বসে।

(a) What a fine picture! –

(b) What a sad news it is! West

(c) Exclamatory Sentence-R ON OT- (a) Alas! the baby is dead!

8. Apostrophe (“)

(1) Possessive Case বা সম্বন্ধ পদের পরে apostrophe সহ 5 বসে।

(a) This is a children’s park.

(b) It is my sister’s house.

(II) যোগ্যতা বোধক বর্ণের বহুবচনে । Apastrophe ব্যবহার করা হয়। B.A. S, MAS

(III) কোন Word-এ কোন বর্ণ বা বর্ণ সমষ্টি লুপ্ত হলে তা লেখতে Apostrophe ব্যবহার হয়।

(a) Don’t (do not) waste your time.

(b) I’ve (I have) a costly clock.

9. Hyphen (-)

(1) Compound ward গঠন করতে – hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয় ::

(a) My father-in-law is a wise man.

(b) The commander-in-chief of England.

10. Dash (-)

(i) চিন্তার বা ভাবের আকস্মিক পরিবর্তনে যথা ঃ If my father were alive – but why I pine for Past.

(11) ব্যাখ্যা দেওয়ার জন্য ব্যবহৃত শব্দসমূহকে পৃথক করতে যথা : I bought many things- pen, papers, books etc.

(III) বাক্যের অসংলগ্ন অংশ জুড়ে দিতে দুপাশে দু’টি Dash ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। যথা : All the boys-regular and irregular- have come.

Use of Capital Letters

(1) Sentence-এর প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter হয়। যেমনঃ

(a) He is a boy.

(b) The boy reads a book.”

11) আমি অর্থে। সব সময় Capital Letter-এর হ্যা

(a) He came and I went with him. (b) You, he and I am after all brothers.
(III) Allah এবং এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত সব Noun, Pronoun এবং Passive-এর প্রতি word এর প্রথম
বর্ণ [Capital Letter এর হয়

(a) Allah is our creater and He has given us every thing. (b) Pray to Allah (god) for His mercy.

(iv) Proper noun 5 Proper Adjective-এর প্রতি শব্দের প্রথম বর্ণ Capital Letter এর নয়।

(a) We like Bangladeshi goods.

(b) It is made of English wool.

(v) উপাধির প্রতি শব্দের বর্ণ কিংবা এদের জন্য সংক্ষেপে বর্ণগুলি Capital Letter এর হয়।

(a) He is a Bachelor of Arts. (b) Shahida is an M.A.

(vi) কোন প্রাণহীন বস্তুতে ব্যক্তিত্ব আরোপ করলে তার প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter এর হয়। যেমন

O. Death! I fear thee not.

(vii) উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের বা Inverted comma-এর মধ্যের বাক্যটির প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter:

(a) Arif say. “Man is mortal.”

(VIII) কবিতার প্রতি পংক্তির বা লাইনের প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম বর্ণ Capital Letter-এর হয়য়।

(a) Little Jack Homer.

(b) Sat in a corner.

(e) Eating his Christmas cake.

EXERCISE

1. প্রয়োজন মত Capital Letter ও Full stop বসাও।
Rahman is a good boy he goes to college everyday all love him he has many books some books are red some are green he has a fountain pen.

2. প্রয়োজন মত Capital letters এবং Note of Interrogation ব্যবহার কর
have you learnt your lesson have you done the home tasks when are you going to start for school may I accompany you have you any programme to play in the afternoon.

3. আবশ্যক মত Comma বসাও
Shimul Ruma Maknun and Rishat are sisters Asif my brother is very clever. Nahid Asif and Ahmed are going to the path. Mostofa come here.

4. বিরাম চিহ্ন বসিয়ে নিচের Sentence গুলো আবার লিখ Where are you going matin I am going to asif why are you going there he had written me to play football with I am willing to go with you Thanks I am grateful to you.

Today is our topic of discussion-Idiom and Phrase

Idiom and Phrase

নিল কিছু Idioms and Phrases-এর তালিকা শিক্ষার্থীদের সুবিধার জন্য দেয়া হল :

A B C (primary knowledge, the rudiments, N): He does not know even the A B C of commerce.

Above all (more than anything else. ): Sheikh Farid was above all a saint.

Above board (open, beyond reproach,): His dealings are fair and above board.

After all (in spite of all that has been said or done or expected, xe, b

9): His father is after all an honest man.

All at once (suddenly.

All at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils.

All but (almost, nearly, ): My friend is all but ruined.

All of a sudden or, All on a sudden (unexpectedly, f):

All of a sudden he fell into a ditch and broke his leg.

All in all (all powerful. The manager is all in all in the office.

All the same (the same is the result, f): It is all the same to me whether you go or not.

All over with (finished, (): It is all over with the patient now.

An open question (an undecided matter, f): It still remains an open question.

Apple of discord (subject of quarrel, ): This plot of land is the apple of discord between the two families.

ঠিক As it were (so to say, f): The moon is, as it were the lamp of the earth.

As usual (as it commonly happens, f): I went there as usual. At a loss (confusedly in competent, ff: I am at a loss to

decide how todeal with the matter.

At all events (in any case,): At all events we shall start for Khulna tomorrow.

At bottom (in essential character. Mr. Amin is at bottom a good man.

At daggers drawn (at enmity. F: They are at daggers drawn with each other.

At home in (very familiar with, ff, *: He is quite at home in English.

At last (it refers to time,): The prince came at last.

At the latest (not later than, : Be off from here on Monday at the
latest.

At least (at the lower estimate): He is not your superior, he is at least your equal.

At large (in general, at liberty,, : This was popular with the people at large.

At one’s finger-ends (be thoroughly familiar with, C): I have my lessons at my finger-ends.

At one’s disposal (under one’s control, f: I can give you a job for it is at my disposal.

At a stretch (without a break, ): I can run five kilometers at a stretch.

At the eleventh hour (at the last moment ): He came to the spot at the eleventh hour.

At all (): I am not happy at all.

At length (free): They discussed the matter at length.

At one’s door (C): There is somebody at your door. A good many : I have a good many things to do.

At any rate (C): I have decided to go at any rate.
English

As long as (*): Don’t go out as long as the rain continues.

A variety of fae): We read books for a variety of reasons.

Above all (f): He is sincere, hardworking and above all honest.

At stake (At endangered position): Nowadays the animals of the world are at
stake.

At large (Freely): The birds fly in the sky at large.

A man of letters (A learned person): A man of letters is respected everywhere.

At random (aimlessly): They walked at random.

B

By means of (by dint of, You can succeed in life only by means of hard
work.

Beggar description (to be indescribable): The miseries of our locals beggar description due to recent flood.

Bag and baggage (All belongings): The man left the house bag and baggage.

Birds of the same feather (Persons of the same group): Birds of the same feather flock together.

Bring to light (to be known): The secret matter of their family has been brought to light.

Blue blood (Aristocracy) : She is proud of her blue blood.

Burning question (important issue): Population problem in our country is a

burning question.

By the by (In reference to conversation): By the by, are you satisfied with your
wife?

By dint of (By means of): He succeeded in life by dint of perseverance.

Beyond dispute (undoubtedly): He is, beyond dispute, a great person in our
locality.

Black and white (In a written form): You should submit your appeal in black and white.

Bolt from the blue (lightning without cloud): The death news of his father came to me as a bolt from the blue.

Bone of contention (A matter of dispute) The occurrence is a bone of contention for our family.

Bread and butter (livelihood): She earns her bread and butter very hard.

By heart (To memorise): It is your responsibility to learn the lesson by heart.

By turns (Serially): Weal and woe come by turns.

By hook or by crook (at any cost): They will harm her by hook or by crook.

By leaps and bounds (at a rapid motion): The price of daily commodities is increasing by leaps and bounds.

Call in question (to doubt, ): His honesty cannot be called in question.

Call into play (to bring into action, : Adversity calls into play the best qualities of a man.

Call to account (to call for an explanation, fr: He was called to
account by his boss.

Call to mind (to remember. I cannot call to mind what you told me on the way.

Carry into effect (to execute,): This plan was carried into effect.

Carry the day (to win, He joined the debate and carried the day.

Carry weight (to exert influence, : The advice of the president always carries weight with the Ministry.

Chicken-hearted man (a coward.): He is a chicken hearted man Close-fisted man (a miser,): Nobody likes a close fisted man.

Cock and bull story (a foolish story, I have really no time to listen cock and bull story.

Come to light (to be known, f): The secret has come to light.

Come true (to be proved true, m: The rumour about his death
has come true.

Come to terms (to yield. He was compelled to come to terms with the enemy.

Come to a head (to supperate, c): The boil has come to a head.

Come to nothing (not to be put into effect. The scheme for the irrigation of this area came to nothing for many reasons. Crocodile tears (false. Or, pretended grief, He shed crocodile tears at
the death of his enemy.

Crying need (urgent necessary. 2): Primary education is the crying need of the country.

Come round (To be sound): She has come round from fever.

Cats and dogs (in torrents): It has been raining cats and dogs since morning.

Carry out (To abide by): It is your duty to carry out every order of office. Close to (adjacent to) Their shop is close to ours.

D

Do away with : We should do away with this bad practice.

Double game (f): I don’t like his double game. Day after day (free: She waited for him day after day

Draw up (*): He drew up the agreement.

F

Fall flat (no to be effective, e frases: His lecture falls fleat on the audience.

Fall foul of to quarrel, : He is in the habit of falling foul of every body.

Fall in with (to agree with, 48 : I cannot fall in with your views.

Fair and square honest and just. He was fair and square in all his dealings.

Fair weather friend (false friend, 4: Never trust a fair weather friend

Fall a prey to (to fall a victim to, em: The deer fell a prey to the

Fall short of (be inadequate, 58 ): Your work fall short of our expectation

Far and near or. Far and wide (all around, g): The news spread for and wide.

Few and far between (at wide intervals, 38, from In this part of the country houses are few and far between.

Fight shy of (to avoid, af: Why do you try to fight shy of your teacher?

Fire and fury (violent passion, som resem: The language of the speaker was full of fire and fury.

First and foremost (of the greatest Importance প্রথম ও সর্বাধিক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। The first and foremost duty of a student is to read.

Find fault with (complain about, He is always in the habit of finding fault with everybody.

Fish out of water (a person in an uncomfortable position, we fe afe): He feels like a fish out of water.

Flesh and blood (human nature, : These are things which flesh and blood cannot bear.

For the time being (for the present. Please stay here for the time being.

For the sake of (on account of, f): He suffered much for the sake of
his country.

For good (for ever. Seem: He left Bangladesh for good,

Fool’s paradise (happiness on vain hopes, w: You should not live in a Jool’s paradise.

From hand to mouth (very poor, ff: The peasants of Bangladesh live from hand to mouth.

From head to foot (whole body. *): He eyed the rogue from head to foot.

From pillar to post (hither and thither. এক আশ্রয় হতে অন্য আশ্রমের He was driven from pillar to post

Fresh blood (new and enthusiastic person. We want fresh blood in the field of politics.

Free and easy (unrestrained, x): His free and easy manner won the
hearts of all Far and away (in every sense, first: Rabindranath is far and away the greatest poet of the world.

From bad to worse (gradually going bad, The patient’s
condition is going from bad to worse.

G

Go back (e): He went back home.

Get in (c): The train got in five hours late. Get to []: How can I get to Sadar Ghat?

Give way to (RPM): Sometimes reason gives way to unreason.

Go across (Tim): We went across the river by boat.

Go ahead fee: Go ahead with your plan.

Go back to (cou): I went back to my work

Go one’s own way (fice 26: I have always preferred to go my our way.

Grow out of (we wen: The boy has grown out of the shirt.

Guilty conscience (: He suffers from a grailty conscience.

Get at (*1987): The box could not get at the grapes.

Get on with (9) How are you getting on with your studies?

Get up (*): I get up at 6 O’clock in the morning

Gift of the gab (en): He has gift of the gab

Give in : I will never give in to him.

Gain ground (ph): He could not gain ground.

Get rid of [7: I must get rid of this situation, Go in for : I shall go in for the examination.

Go through: I have gone through the book

Gala day (a day of festivity. : The 26th of march is a gala day for all Bangladeshis.

Get rid of (give up, yo: Get rid of this bad habit.

H

Hard times (times of difficulty, Poet Madhusudan was then passing through very hard times.

Hang fire (to remain undecided, ere: The matter has been hanging fire for some time. of

Hang in the balance (to be in suspense, so: The fate

the prisoner is still hanging in the balance.

Hole and corner (secret : I do not like his hole and comer policy Haunted house (a house supposed to be haunted by a ghost, 990 f: It is not

possible for us to live in a haunted house.

Hold water (to stand scruting, wet: His argument does not hold
water.

Hold good (to prove valid, : This policy will hold good in the long run

Hue and cry (up roar, (*): They raised a hue and cry at the sight of a thief, Hush money (money given as bribe to

husk up matter. The manager offered the police a large sum as hush money.

Hard and fast (fixed, em: There is no hard and fast rule in this matter.

Hang together (to be consistent with, fefeat: The two statements of the accused do not hang together

Heart and soul (earnestly, :: Alam is trying heart and soul to win the prize.

Head and tail (not a jat of sense, I couldn’t make head and tail of what he said.

High time (far advanced time, It is the high time and you can start

High and low (all classes of society, All men high and low will die.

Hard and fast (specific, fixed. There is no hard and fast rule in this matter.

I

In accordance with (according to, : My friend acted in accordance with
your advice.

In as much as (since. ): In as much as you are repentant, I pardon you this
time.

In a fix in a difficult situation.): I am in a fix and so I am in need of
your help.

In black and white (in writing, fee): I must have your statement in black and white.

In cold blood (deliberately, fire): The man was murdered in cold blood.

In case (II.): In case you fail, what will you do?

In defence of (in support of, to: The convict pleaded in defence of his conduct.

In the event of (in case, ) What will you do in the event of your father’s
death? In fine (in short, to sum up.

In fine: it was a piece of swindling.

In the face of (in opposition to, fe fecefe: He proceeded with this work all alone in the face of opposition from all quarters.

In full swing (in full force. The work is going on in full suning.

In good stead (be of specialise, WP): My father’s advice will stand you in good stead at all times.

In keeping with (consistent with: What does he is hardly in keeping
with what he says.

In lieu of (instead of, fc: Mamun took up English in lieu of Bengali.

In no time (soon): Our captain will come here in no time.

In spite of (notwithstanding. They went out in spite of the rain.

In the long run (ultimately): You will have to suffer in the long run for your conduct.

In a dilemma (don’t know what to do, danger in both side. 5): He was in a dilemma because both the men were his relatives.

In favour of (to support someone, to work for someone, PR, They canvassed in favour of my brother.

In good faith (with good and honest intent, fe: He told me every thing in good faith

In order to (for the purpose of doing something, We went there in order to met the man.

In the guise (garb) of (in disguise of, He told a great lie in the guise of
an interesting story.

In the wake (train) of (just after. The police came in the wake of the accident

J

Jack of all trades someone who can do several different jobs instead of
specializing in one. The precious boy is a jack of all trades and master of none.

K

Keep body and soul together (to keep alive, cepace of: This blind beggar has no means to keep body and soul together.

L

Look after (To take care of): It is our responsibility to look after our parents.

Look for (To find): What are you looking for?

Long for (To wish): She longs for getting educated.

Lose heart (To be disappointed): Do not lose heart at the sight of danger.

M

Maiden Speech (First lecture): That was her maiden speech

Make sure (To ensure): Make sure that your daily food consists of all the
important elements.

Make haste (To be hasty): Do not make haste while doing any work.

N

Null and void (to be cancelled): The law has been null and void.

O

Odds and ends (stray things. f Difese: Your brain is filled with all sorts of odds and ends

On the brink of Or, On the verge of (very near to, f): The gentle man is on the brink of nan

On behalf of (as representative of, ): Our captain will speak on behalf of our club

On the contrary (on the other hand, rather than, I do not hate you, on the contrary I like you.

Of course (naturally, vee) Kamal succeeded in life and was of course praised by all.

On the score of Or. On ground of (on account of : The clerk was dismissed on the score of his long absence from office

One and all (everyone and separately, ce: The jurors, one codd all declared him innocent.

Once in a while rarely.): My uncle comes to our house once in a while.

Once and again (frequently, effent, I warned him once and again not

to go out. Once for all (now and for the time, 6): He left his native land once for

all Off and on (occasionally, My friend comes here off and on

Of no avail (of no use, : My effort was of no avail

Of late (recently, fa): Of life Rahim has become very rich.

On the eve of (just before, eo: Mr. Dulal went to Dhaka on the eve of the puja vacation.

On pain of (subject to penalty of. The man was forced to sign

the document on pain of continued harassment.

On the point of (about to sf): The patient is now on the point of death.

On the look out for (looking for, 1): Samal is

on the look out for a job.

On the whole (generally speaking, ca): The boy’s conduct was on the whole good.

Open secret (secret known to all, ctOS TEXTOSCORE WAT): It is an open secret
that this police man takes bribes.

Out and out (fully.): Nazrul Islam was out and out a rebel poet.

Out of doors fin or into the open air, Boys were playing out of

doors.

Out of gear (out of order. : War and famine throw human society out of
year.

Out of pocket (a loser, He is out of pocket by transaction.

Out of date fold fashion, ): The practice is now out of date.

P

Pull up (179) (819): He cannot pull the stake up.

Pass through (s): He passed through Dhaka to reach Gazipur.

Prepared for (5) I am prepared for the consequence.

Pros and cons ofertes: I know the pros and cons of the plan.

Put down (): You should put down the matter

Put up with (5)): I cannot put up with this insult

R

Red letter day (Memorable day): 21st February is a red letter day in our
history.

Run after (): He ran after money.

Rule out (M): The police have ruled out the suicide.

S

Salt of the earth (persons with very high qualities, es fo: Men like
vedyasagar and Lincoln were the salt of the earth.

Sheet anchor (the final support, ww): Alexander the Great’s Indian
expedition is the sheet anchor of Indian chronology.

Sit on the fence (to remain neutral. S): The man who sits on the fence
is very often misunderstood.

Skin and bone (skeleton, -5): This disease has left my friend skin and
bone.

Slow coach (a person who is slow in action, (914): You should not depend on a slow couch like him in such an urgent matter.

Snake in the grass la secret foe, He suspects his friend, but is unconcerned about the snakes in the grass.

So to say or, so to speak (by the by, : The head clerk is so to say all in this office.

Square meal (full meal, 7): The poor in Bangladesh want only two square meals a day.

Stand to (to stick to, s) My friend will ever stand to his promise.

Sum and substance (summary. The sum and substance of his speech is
this.

Storm in a tea pot (to uproar about practically nothing, free She raised a storm in a tea pot over the loss of a handkerchief

Safe and sound (safe and whole or healthy, without any danger, 10: The fighter plane bombed on the target and returned safe and sound.

Sum and substance (Gist): I can’t understand the sum and substance of the
poem

T

Talk big (to boast, He talks big about himself.

Tall talk (high-sounding talk, We should not rely upon a person who
always indulges in tall talk

Take heart (to be encouraged, ones : Mukul took heart at his teacher’s words.

Take to heart (to mortify, we : Mr. Khan took the insult to heart.

Take a fancy to (to like,): I took a fancy to his stick.

Take into account or consideration (to regard, facebos farfage cam): While

teaching the boys a teacher should take their age into account.

Tell upon (to affect, f): His sleeplessness will tell upon his health.

The dogs of war (devastating activities, 1): Nadir Shah let loose the dogs of war on Delhi.

Through and through (completely. He is wet through and through.

The three R’s (elementary education, o far: The boy learns the three R’s at home.

To a fault (excessively, y): She is generous to a fault.

To the contrary (in opposition, face): He will come on Sunday unless you write him to the contrary.

To a T (nicely.): This new office suits me to a T.

Tooth and nail (desperately. They fought tooth and nail for their
right.

To the backbone (in the inmost being.): This boy is wicked to the backbone.

To the letter (strictly,): Halem followed my instructions to the letter.

Turn tail (to escape, to run away. At last the pak army turned tail from Bangladesh.

Throw cold water (discourage, f): Nobody should throw cold water on the efforts of children.

Ups and downs (Rise and fall) : There are ups and downs in one’s life.

W

Well off (Solvent): The condition of their family is well off.

Weal and woe (Happiness and sorrow): Weal and woe come by turns.

With a view to (In order to): He went to Dhaka with a view to doing the work. Worthy of (Qualified): She is worthy of getting the prize.

Without fail (Surely): He will come here without fail.