Today is our topic of discussion-Transformation of Sentence
Transformation of Sentence
বাক্যের অর্থ পরিবর্তন না করে অন্য বাক্যে রুপাৰ্জ্জরিত করার নিয়মকে Transformation of Sentence বলে। Sentence এর নিম্নলিখিত রূপান্তরকে Transformation এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয়। যেমন:-
1. Affirmative to Negative.
2. Assertive to Interrogative.
3. Exclamatory to Assertive.
4. Simple, Complex e Compound Sentence * «f<ón |
5. Positive, Comparative & Superlative
6. Active voice passive voice-4
Affirmative to Negative:
Rule 1.
Affirmative Sentence + Negative Sentence are fre বস্ত্রর ক্ষেত্রে only এর জায়গায় nothing but ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং বয়সের ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে। যেমন –
Affirmative: He has only a few pens
Negative: He has nothing but a few pens.
Affirmative: He was only twenty five.
Negative: He was not more than twenty five .
সাধারনত : Affirmative Sentence এর Only / Alone এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যের শুর“তে None but বসিয়ে Negative করা হয়। যেমন –
Affirmative: Only Allah can help us.
Negative: None but Allah can help us.
Rule 2.
Affirmative Sentence Must Can not but, can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে। যেমন –
Affirmative: I must go there.
Negative : – I cannot but go there.
Affirmative: We must obey the rules.
Negative: -We can not help obeying the rules.
Rule 3.
Affirmative Sentence এ যদি Every থাকে, তবে Negative করার সময় Every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে+ Every এর পরে শব্দটি বসে + but বসে + sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে। যেমন-
Affirmative: – Every Mother loves her child.
Negative: – There is no Mother but loves her child.
Rule 4.
Affirmative Sentence Negative Auxiliary verb 4 Not হয় এবং sentence এর মধ্যে অবস্থিত Adjective টির বিপরীত Word টি বসাতে হয়।
Affirmative: – He is a good boy.
Negative:He is not a bad boy.
Affirmative: . We are happy.
Negative: -We are not unhappy.
কিছু বিপরীতার্থক শব্দের নমুনা ঃ-
Happy-Unhappy.
Honest – Dishonest.
Good – Bad.
Friend – foe
Mortal immortal.
Always – Never.
Present Absent.
Rich – Poor.
Wise – Unwise.
Love – Hate.
Affirmative to Negative
Exercise :
1. Only Rahim was present there.
2. Only Rita can do it.
3. You must obey your parents. .
4. Everyone wants to be happy
5. The man is honest.
ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
Rule 1.
অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive Sentence কে Interrogative – এ রস পান করার সময় যদি Sentence টি Affirmative হয় তাহলে নীচের নিয়মটি ব্যবহার করতে হয়ঃ Auxiliary verb প্রথমে বসে + n’t বসে+ Subject বসে + বাকী অংশ বসে + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
N.B. Assertive Sentence এ Will থাকলে Interrogative করার সময় won’t হয়: am থাকলে ain’t; shall থাকলে shan’t এবং can থাকলে can’t হয়।
(i) Asser: He is absent from the meeting.
Int Isn’t he absent from the meeting?
(ⅱ)Asser: We can do the work. Can’t we do the work?
Rule 2.
Auxiliary verb Negative Assertive Sentence & Interrogative করার সময় Negative শব্দটি উঠে যায় এবং
সাহায্যকারী Verb টি প্রথমে বসে।
(i)Asser Inter
He is not a good boy.
Is he a good boy?
ii)Asser Int
I shall not go to school tomorrow.
shall I go to school tomorrow?
Rule 3.
Verb R Assertive Sentence Interrogative subject Tense Don’t / Doesn’t / Did’nt + Subject + Verb present
form বসে+ verb এর পরের অংশ বসে+ প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে
Asser Int: He plays football.
Doesn’t he play football?
Rule 4.
Sentence- 4 Everybody / Everyone Who doesn’t/Who didn’t + Verb-4 Present Form + Verb +
প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
Asser: Everyone hatesa liar.
Int:Who doesn’t hate a liar?
(D) Asser Everybody wants to be happy.
Who doesn’t want to be happy ?
Rule 5.
Assertive Sentence – nobody / none / no one Interrogative
সময় এদের পরিবর্তে who বসে বাকী অংশ বসে। প্রশ্নোবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
(i) Asser Int: Nobody trusts a liar.
Who trusts a liar?
(b) Asser None can go there Int
Who can go there ?
or, Can any one go there?
Exercise :-
Assertive – Interrogative
1. He is a writer.
2. Man is mortal.
3. You are not a liar.
4. Everybody loves his motherland.
5. None can do this.
Exclamatory to Assertive
Rule 1:
Exclamatory Sentence Assertive subject + verb বসে + very great বসে+ adjective বসে বাকী অংশ বলে।
Exclamatory: How nice the bird is!
Assertive: The bird is very nice.
Exclamatory: What a fool he is!
Assertive:He is a great fool.
Rule-2:
Exclamatory Sentence Hurrah ” It is a matter of joy that Hurrah এর পরের অংশ বসে। আবার দুঃখ প্রকাশ করলে Alas এর পরিবর্তে It is a matter of sorrow that. Alas এর পরের অংশ বলে।
Exclamatory: Hurrah I we have won the game.
Assertive: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Alas! Our grandfather is dead.
It is a matter of sorrow that our grandfather is dead.
Rule-3:
If দ্বারা Exclamatory Sentence আরম্ভ হলে Assertive করার সময় প্রথমে Subject
বসে + wish বসে+ if এর পরের অংশ বসে।।
Exclamatory: If I were a poet.
Assertive: I wish I were a poet.
Rule- 4:
Had দ্বারা শুরু হলে Assertive করার সময় প্রথমে Subject বসে+ wish বসে + পুনরায়
Subject বসে+ বাকী অংশ বসে।
Exclamatory:Had I been a minister
Assertive:I wish I had been a minister.
Exercise :
1. What a big river the Meghna
2. How talkative she was!
3. What a fine flower it is!
4. How fortunate the man was!
5. Had I been a merchant!
is !
Assertive to Exclamatory Sentence
Rule-1:
Assertive Sentence-4 Adjective How t Noun * What Exclamatory বাক্য শুরু করতে হয়। সবশেষে Note of Exclamation চিহ্ন বসে। Adjective এর পূর্বে Adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত Very বা great উঠে যায়। What (a) / How + Adjective + Subject + verb + (H MICE)
+ Exclamatory চিহ্ন বসে।
Assertive: The cuckoo sings very sweetly
Exclamatory: How sweetly the cuckoo sings! You are a great fool.
Assertive:Exclamatory: What a fool you are!
Rule- 2:
Assertive Sentence-4 wish exclamatory If / Had
বসে। যেমন-
Assertive: I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory:If I were a king!
Exercise
1. The rose is a very nice flower.
2. I wish I were a king.
3. The scenery of Cox’s Bazar is very nice.
4. I wish I were a poet.
5. I wish I were young again.
Degree
Degree of Adjectives এর মাধ্যমে Sentence-এর Transformation করা যায়। প্রথমে আমরা
Degree সম্পর্কে একটু ধারণা নেই। Degree Fox : (1) Positive (2) Comparative (3) Superlative
(1) Positive Degree : কাহারো সাথে তুলনা করা বুঝায় না। Adjective এর Positive এর রূপ বসে।
on He is a good boy.
(2) Comparative Degree: Adjective Comparative বসে। Adjective এর Comparative এর পরে than ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমনঃ He is better than Anis
(3) Superlative Degree: Adjective 4 Superlative 4 রূপ বসে। Superlative এর রূপের পূর্বে the ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
He is the best boy in the class এক Syllable (এক করে উচ্চারিত হয় এমন Adjective) বিশিষ্ট Adjective এর সাথে er যোগ
করে Comparative এবং est যোগ করে Superlative করতে হয়। যেমন
Positive:Small
Comparative: Smaller
Superlative:Smallest
Tall-Taller-Tallest
বহু Syllable বিশিষ্ট Adjective এর More যোগ করে Comparative এবং Most যোগ করে
Superlative করতে হয়। যেমন
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Beautiful
More beautiful
Most beautiful
Intelligent
More intelligent
Most intelligent
ব্যতিক্রম
Positive
Comparative
Better
Superlative
Best
Good
Bad
worse
worst
Less More
Least
Little Much
Most
Positive to Comparative Degree
Rule:
i) Adjective-C Comparative A
(ii) Positive-এ Adjective এর আগে ও পরে যে As… as বা So….. as থাকে তা বাদ দিতে
হবে।
(iii) অর্থের পরিবর্তন যাতে না হয় সে জন্য Verb এর পরে not বসাতে হয়।
(iv) Comparative Degree than
Positive : Salina was as beautiful as Sabina.
Comparative: Sabina was not more beautiful than Salina
Positive: Dalim is as wise as Sohel.
Comparative: Sohel is not wiser than Dalim.
Positive Degree to Superlative Degree
Rule: (i) Subject Object Object Subject ||
(ii) Superlative Degree পূর্বে the नमা হে
(iii) Adjective 4 Superlative form
(iv) Adjective de asas, so as
(v) No other very few
Positive: No other metal is as useful as iron.
Superlative: Iron is the most useful metal.
Positive: Very few metals are as precious as gold.
Superlative: Gold is one of the most precious metals.
Positive: No other man in the village is as old as Baser Bepari
Superlative: Baser Bepari is the oldest man in the village.
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Superlative: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Comparative to Positive Degree Rule:
(i) Comparative Degree- Subject-Subject
হিসাবে প্রথমেই বসাতে হয়।
(ii) Adjective 4 as… as, so… as
(iii) অর্থের মিল রাখতে Verb এর পরে not ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং Adjective এর Positive
farm করতে হয়। এছাড়া Comparative Degree-তে ব্যবহৃত than উঠে যাবে।
Comparative: Salam is more intelligent than Shihab. Positive: Shihab is not as intelligent as Salam.
Comparative: Hero is wiser than Milon.
Positive: Milon is not as wise as Hero.
Superlative to Positive Degree
Rule:
(i) Sentence No other |
(ii) Adjective Positive formas as, so… as i
(iii) Subject object
Superlative: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Superlative:Honesty is the best policy.
Positive: No other policy is as good as honesty.
Exercise:
1. Hira is the best girl in the class. (Positive)
3. He is stronger than I. (Positive)
2. Panna is the most brilliant girl in the class. (Positive)
4. Panna is taller than Hira (Positive)
5. Rahim is not cleverer than Karim (Positive)
6. He is as wise as his brother (Comparative)
7. Habib is not as clever as Murad (Comparative)
8. No other girl in the class is as tall as Sumi (Superlative)
9. No other boy in the class is as fat as Ruhul. (Superlative)
10. No other man in the village is as wise as Rahim. (Superlative)
Sentence
Sentence-এর গঠন পরিবর্তন করে একটি বাক্যকে অন্য বাক্যে Transformation করা যায়। সেক্ষেত্রে
Sentence সম্পর্কে একটু ধারণা থাকা দরক
বাক্যের গঠন অনুসারে থাকা তিন প্রকার
(1) Simple Sentence (T)
(2) Compound Sentence (ITBES ZOFF)
(3) Complex Sentence (*)
(1) Simple Sentence
(7) – Sentence 43 sf Subject+ s Verb অন্য Verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত থাকে। যেমন a) Closing the
door, I went outside b) I found him swimming in the river
যেমন a) He saw me and gave me some money
(2) Compound Sentence
(সংযোজক থাকা এই Sentence এর ২টি অংশ থাকে। বাক্যে ১টি না ২টি Subject থাকে + ২টি
Verb থাকে। বাক্যের মধ্যে সাধারণত and, but, or ইত্যাদি থাকে।
a) Work hard and you will prosper in life.
b) I am wise but he cannot believe me.
c) Do or die.
(3) Complex Sentence
(r) at Sentence 4 off aft Sub + ১টি Verb অবশ্যই থাকতে হবে। বাক্যের শুরুতে সাধারনত When As Since, if although, though fent that, so that, who, what, when,
which, where, after, before ta
a) When he found me, he ran away.
b) Although he is wise, he is honest
c) As I was ill, I could not help him
d) I saw a ship which was coming towards us
e) He sold his watch so that he could buy comb.
Simple to Complex Sentence
Rule: (i) Simple Sentence- Complex Sentence Subject
দুটি Verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
(ii) একটি Conjunction ा Subordinate Clause এর পূর্বে বসাতে হবে।
iii) Simple Sentence Word Phrase-face Subordinate
Clause গঠন করতে হবে।
Simple: I know your name.
Complex: I know what your name is.
Simple: I know your birth place.
Complex: I know the place where you were born.
Complex to Simple Sentence
Rule:
(i) Simple Sentence Complex Sentence 4 Conjunction
উঠে যাবে।
(ii) একটি মাত্র Subject ও একটি Finite Verb হবে।
Complex: I know what your name is
Simple : I know your name.
Complex: I know your birth place.
Simple: I know the place where you were born
Simple to Compound Sentence
Rule: (i) Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Subject দুটি Finite Verb এবং and, or,
but ইত্যাদি Conjunction দ্বারা দুটি Clause কে যুক্ত
করতে হবে।
(ii) Simple Sentence এর একটি Subject ও একটি Finite Verb ঠিক রেখে ঐ
Sentence এর কোন Word বা Phrase-কে সম্প্রসারিত করে আরেকটি Clause তৈরি করতে
হবে যে Clause এ একটি Subject ও একটি Finite Verb থাকবে।
(i) Simple Sentence- being having Compound being having বাদ দিতে হয়। Being এর পরিবর্তে am, is, are, was ा were এবং having
থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে had ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Simple: Hearing a sound, Salam woke up.
CompoundSalam heard a sound and woke up.
Simple: Completing the work, Raju went back home.
Compound: Raju completed the work and went back home.
Simple: Owing to his illness, he could not attend the meeting.
Compound: He could not attend the meeting because
Simple: Seeing me, she burst into tears. She saw me and burst into tears.
Compound to Simple Sentence
Rule: (i) Conjunction Compound Sentence- Simple Sentence 4
করতে হবে।
(ii) দুটি Clause এর মাঝে ব্যবহৃত and, or ইত্যাদি Conjunction উঠিয়ে দিয়ে সেখানে একটি
Comma বসে।
Compound :Salam heard a sound and woke up.
Simple :Hearing a sound, Salam woke up.
Compound: She saw me and burst into tears.
Simple:Transformation of SentenceSeeing me, she bust into tears. he was ill.
Voice
Voice- Sentence- Transformation Active Voice- Passive -4 রূপার করে আমরা Sentence-এর Transformatioin করতে পারি।
Active voice Passive voice-aced farm –
Rule-1.
Active voice object Subject Subject Object by 20091
Rule-2.
Subject Tense অনুসারে সাহায্যকারী verb বসে।
Rule-.3.
verb Past Participle form
Rule-3.
Grammar verb 4 Present, Past & Past Participle তিনটি রূপ পড়তে হবে এবং Past Participle রূপটিই Voice -এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
বিভিন্ন Tense এ Voice -এর ব্যবহার
(a) Present Indefinite: –
(i) Active – They play football, IS+V+O
(ii) Passive -Football is played by them.
Object 4 Subject + verb + verb Past Participle +by+ Subject 4 Object
Example:-
1. Mr. Roy teaches us English. 2. You draw a picture.
3. They kill a tiger.
(b) Present Continuous: –
Active:- Hamid is reading a book.
Passive:A book S
is being read by Hamid.
Example:
1. I am writing a letter.
2. They are eating mangoes.. 3. They are singing a song.
(c) Present Perfect:
Active: The man has done the work
Passive:- The work has been done by the man. S (ক)
Example:
1. The boy has broken the glass.
2. They have drunk tea.
3. You have written a letter.
(d) Past Indefinite
Active: The man stopped the guests.
Passive: – The guests were stopped by the man
1. We killed a bird.
2. I know the boy.
3. The man drove the car.
(e) Past Continuous :-
Act: They were flying kites.
Passive: – Kites were being flown by them.
Example:
1. He was doing a sum
2. The man was catching fish.
3. They were watching TV.
f)Past Perfect:
Active: We had dug the canal.
Passive: The canal had been dug by us. s (V) o
Example: 1. They had finished the work
2. You had driven the car.
3. I had eaten rice.
(g) Future Indefinite: .
Active: I shall do the work.
Passive: The work will be done by me. [S (
Example: 1. The boy will help me.
2. He will fly a kite.
3. I will do my duty.
(h) Future Continuous:-
Active: We shall be taking tea. V
Passive: Tea will be being taken by us.
Example:
1. He will be teaching us.
2. You will be writing a letter.
3. They will be catching fish.
(i) Future Perfect-
Active: He will have read the book. S
Passive: The book will have been read by him.
Example:
1. I shall have written the letter.
2. You will have eaten rice.
3. We shall have killed the bird.
2. May. Might, can, could, would, should, must verb # Passive voice a foe বসে এবং তারপরেই মূল verb এর Past Participle বসে । যেমন:- Active You must do the work
Passive: The work must be done by you.
3. Interrogative sentence Passive — Auxiliary verb object verb 63 Past Participle by subject-
Object ?
Active: Did you play football?
Passive: Was football played by you?
4. Imperative sentence Passive –
(a) Let object be Past Participle.
(b) Let not + object be +Past Participle + Ext.
(i) Active: Do the work.
Passive: Let the work be done.
(ii) Active: Do not shut the door. Passive: Let not the door be shut.
5. সাধারণতঃ verb এর পরে Object থাকে এবং সেই Object কে ধরে Voice করতে হয়। তা
Object এর পরের শব্দগুলি বাড়তি অংশ হিসাবে অপরিবর্তিত থেকে by তার পূর্বে বসে। যেমনঃ- Active: I saw him reading a book.
Passive: He was seen reading a book by me.
6. কিছু কিছু Verb এর পরে by না বসে to, with, at ইত্যাদি বলে। যেমনঃ-
(a) Active: I know the boy. The boy is known to me.
Passive:
[b] Active: Panic seized the writer.
Passive: The writer was seized with panic.
Exercise
Change the following sentences according to direction
1. Going to market, Tanvir bought a pen. (Complex)
2. As I was ill, I could not come to school. (Simple)
3.Being dissatisfied he resigned the post. (Compound)
4.Committing the crime, he was punished. (Complex)
5.Being guilty, he ran away. (Complex)
6. Since the old man killed the bird, he brought bad luck to the crew(Simple)
7.When it is spring, the cuckoo sings. (Simple)
8. Drinking water, he wanted to save money. (Compound)
9.Being truthful, he could not tell a lie. (Compound)
10. Della sold her hair and bought a platinum fob chain. (Simple)
