Today is our topic of discussion-Phrasal Verbs / Group Verbs

Phrasal Verbs / Group Verbs

কিছু কিছু Verb-এর সাথে Preposition বা Adverb যুক্ত হয়ে বিশিষ্টার্থ (Idiomatic Sense) প্রকাশ করে। যেমন- Cholera has broken out in this village-এই গ্রামে কলেরার প্রাদুর্ভাব ঘটেছে। এখানে break out একটি অর্থের একক, যার অর্থ প্রাদুর্ভাব হওয়া।

তাই break verb টি out preposition-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়ে সাধারণভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ না করে বিশেষ ভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করেছে। এভাবে কোন Verb যখন Preposition বা Adverb এর সাথে অবিচ্ছেদ্যভাবে যুক্ত হয়ে বিশিষ্টার্থ প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে Group Verb বলে।

নিম্নে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য বেশকিছু উদাহরণ দেয়া হলো

Bear with (*): How can I bear with such an insult?

Bear down (faqs): We bore down all oppositions on the question. Break down ((58 $): His health has broken down for overwork. Break with (7) I broke with him for his bad conduct.

Break out (1): Cholera has broken out in this village.

Break up (CM): Our college breaks up at 5 p.m.

Bring about(): This brought about change in him.

Bring forth (9): A lioness brings forth several cubs at a time.

Bring up (1992): The kind woman brought up the orphan boy.

Call at (2) I called at his office yesterday.

Call for (579) I called for his explanation.

Call in (C) I went to call in a doctor,

Call off (2) The strike was called off.

Call on ((): I called on him at his office,

Call up (***) I cannot call up his name.

Carry on (59): He carried on his business.

Carry out (***): He carried out my orders.

Come about (1) How has this come about?

Come across ((); I came across him on the way.

Come by (1): I am glad to come by your letter. Come of (*): He comes of a respectable family.

Come off ( xem): The ceremony comes off tonight.

Come out (245) The result will come out soon.

Come round (M): He fainted and soon came round. Come up to (i): The profit came up to my expectation.

Do away with (M): Do away with bad habits,

Do for (*): This job will not do for me. Do into (4): Do this passage into English.

Do up (CT** fo) Do up your dress.

Draw on (m): I drew on my bank balance.

Draw up (*): He drew up a petition.

Fall in with (da em): I cannot fall in with your views.

Fall out (f): Brothers should not fall out.

Fall to (6) As we were hungry, we fell to cating

Go in for (934 (98) I shall go in for the examination this year.

Go on (6): Go on with your work. Go out (mm): The lamp has gone out.

Get about (5): He is too weak to get about.

Get at ((): I tried to get at the truth.

Get on (5): I cannot get on without your help.

Get over (fox) I somehow get over the difficulty.

Get up (1): Try to get up early in the morning.

Give away (f) The Principal gave away the prizes.

Give in (f) I am the last man to give in.

Give off (9): The rose gives off a sweet smell.

Give up (3) Try to give up bad habits.

Hold on (C) I will hold on my plan.

Held out (8) He held out false hopes to me.

Hold over (): The meeting was held over for want of quorum.

Keep away (4) Keep away from bad habits.

Keep down (4) He could not keep down his passion.

Lay by () Lay by something from your income.

Lay down (4981): The Headmaster laid down rules for our conduct.

Lay out (1) He laid out a large sum of money in his daughter’s marriage.

Lay up (RING 5981): I was laid up with fever.

Look after ((*): He looks after his business.

Look at (3): Look at the map.

Look down upon (): Do not look down upon the poor.

Look for (*): We look for better days.

Look forward (8) Man looks forward for the impossible.

Look into (7): We shall look into the matter.

Look over() I shall look over these papers.

Look out for (): I am looking out for a good house. Look upon (4) I look upon you as my brother.

Look to (fre) I look to you for help.

Look up (3) Look up the word in the dictionary Make after (es): The police made after the thief.

Make for (fe): The ship made for the port.

Make out (2): I cannot make out the meaning of this poem.

Make over (*): He made over the charge of his office.

Make up (): I shall make up the loss.

Put by () Put by something from your Income.

Put down () Put down what I say.

Put off (3) Put off your shoes.

Put on (f): Put on your coat.

Put out (fo(): Put out the lamp.

Put up (*): Where do you put up in Dhaka?

Put up with(): I cannot put up with this insult.

Pass away (IG): The old man passed away last night.

Pass off(): The function passed off smoothly.

Pass over (s): We pass over to the next story.

Run after (PP): None should run after money.

Run at (1): The cat ran at the rat. Run into (e): Do not run into debt.

Run out ((**): The ink of my pen has run out.

Run over (5791951): The boy was run over by a car.

Run through (*): He ran through his wealth by gambling.

Set about (*): Let us set about the work now.

Set aside (f): The case was set aside by the judge.

Set in (m): The spring has set in.

Set off or out (3) I shall set off for Chittagong tomorrow. We shall set out on a journey.

Set on (ce (7): He set the dog on the boy.

Set up (1) I shall set up a shop in this town.

Set to (4) He set to work at the table.

Stand by(): He has agreed to stand by me.

Stand for (26): This mark stands for the name of the firm.

Take after (*): The son takes after his father.

Take down ((): Take down what I say.

Take for (63): I took him for an honest man.

Take ‘off (NT): Take off your shoes.

Take over (fr): The new Principal has taken over the charge.

Take up (2): 1 shall take up the work.

Take to (*): Do not take to smoking.

Turn into (4): Turn the passage into English.

Turn up (fene): The boy turned up in time.
Turn out (2): The dishonest servant was turned out from the house.

EXERCISE

Fill in the gaps :

1.Cholera has broken__ in this village.

2. His foolishness has his…… ruin.

3. We had to call a ……doctor.

4. I shall carry your…… orders.

5. We could not get the ……truth.

6.Great hopes were held to…… me.

7. I look …..you as my friend.

8. Put …..the lamp.

9. Children take…… their parents.

10. He has agreed to stand…… me..

Today is our topic of discussion-English Sentence

English Sentence

Sentence হল যথাযথ বিন্যাস অনুযায়ী সাজানো শব্দসমষ্টি যা পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। অন্যকথায়, কতকগুলো Word সুশৃক্মখলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে তবে তাকে Sentence বলে। নিচের উদাহরণগুলো লক্ষ্য কর ঃ

• Karim is a good boy. (করিম ভাল ছেলে)- কিছু বলা হল।

• Is Karim a good boy? (করিম কি ভাল ছেলে?) – কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হল।

• Never tell a lie. (কখনও মিথ্যা বলো না) উপদেশ দেয়া হল ।

● May Allah bless you. (আলাহ তোমার মঙ্গল করুন) প্রার্থনা করা হল।

How nice the bird is! (পাখিটি কি সুন্দর!) – বিস্ময় প্রকাশিত হল। সুতরাং দেখা যায়, মনের ভাব বিভিন্নভাবে প্রকাশ করা যায়। একেকটি ভাব প্রকাশের সময় বাক্যে শব্দগুচ্ছকে একেকভাবে সাজাতে হয়। এভাবেই সৃষ্টি হয়েছে বিভিন্ন প্রকারের বাক্য।

উপরের বাক্যগুলোর প্রথম বাক্যে বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে প্রশ্ন করা হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্যে উপদেশ দেয়া হয়েছে। চতুর্থ বাক্যে প্রার্থনা করা হয়েছে এবং পঞ্চম বাক্যে আবেগ প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে। অর্থ অনুসারে Sentence বা বাক্যকে মোট পাঁচ ভাগে বিভক্ত করা হয়। যেমন-

1. Assertive Sentence (বর্ণনা মূলক বাক্য

2. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)

3. Imperative Sentence (আদেশ / অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য)

4. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

5. Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য) উপরের এই পাঁচ প্রকারের Sentence নিয়ে এবার পৃথক পৃথক আলোচনা করা যাক।

1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE

(বর্ণনামূলক বাক্য)

যে Sentence কোন ঘটনাকে বর্ণনা করে বা স্বীকার করে তাকেই Assertive Sentence বলে। যেমন-

a. This is a cow. (এই একটি গরু)

b. Dina is singing a song. (দীনা একটি গান গাইতেছে)

c. It is the time to sleep now. (এখন ঘুমানোর সময়

উপরের বাক্যগুলো কোনো না কোন কিছুকে স্বীকার করছে, আবার বলা যায় কোনো ঘটনার বিবৃতি প্রদান করছে। তাই এগুলোকে বলা হয় Assertive Sentence.

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

(প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)

যে বাকা বা Sentence দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্ন বুঝায় অর্থাৎ, যে বাকা কোন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে অথবা কোন কিছু সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

নিয়ম হলো এই Interrogative Sentence-এর প্রথমে what (কি), wha (কে), whom (কাকে), which (কোনটি), why (কেন), when (কখন), How (কেমন ) ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন-

a. What is your name? (তোমার নাম কি?)

b. Who is there? (ওখানে কে?)

c. Which pen do you like? (কোন কলমটি তুমি পছন্দ কর?)

উপরের উদাহরণগুলোতে কোন কিছু সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখতে হবে, Interrogative Sentence এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বা Sign of Interrogation ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

(ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাক্য আদেশ (Order), নিষেধ, উপদেশ (Advice) এবং অনুরোধ (Request), নির্দেশ করে তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে। Imperative Sentence-এর অনেক সময় কর্তা বা Subject-কে বাক্যে দেখা যায় না। কর্তা উহ্য থাকে তবে উহা না থাকলেও তার অস্তিত্ব বোঝা যায়। যেমন-

a.Do it now (আদেশ) এটা এখনি কর ।

b. Do not run in the sun. (উপদেশ) রোদে ছুটাছুটি করো না।

c. Kindly lend me your pen. (অনুরোধ) দয়া করে তোমার কলমটা ধার দাও।

উপরের তিনটি বাক্যের মধ্যে প্রথম বাক্যে আদেশ, দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে উপদেশ এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে অনুরোধের কথা বলা হয়েছে, তাই এগুলো Imperative Sentences.

4. OPTATIVE SENTENCE

(ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাকা কোন কিছু কামনা (ইচ্ছা অর্থে) প্রার্থনা আশীর্বাদ নির্দেশ করে তাকে Optative sentence বলে। Optative sentnce গঠনের আগে May বসে।

a. May you be happy- (তুমি সুখী হও।)

b. May God bless you (ঈশ্বর তোমার মঙ্গল করুন।)

c. Long live our President (আমাদের প্রেসিডেন্ট দীর্ঘজীবী হোক।)

উপরের Sentence গুলোর কোনটির দ্বারা ইচ্ছা, কোনটির দ্বারা প্রার্থনা, আবার কোনটির দ্বারা আশীর্বাদ বুঝাচ্ছে, সুতরাং এর প্রতিটি Sentence এক একটি Optative Sentence.

5. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

(বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাকা মনের আকস্মিক অনুভূতিকে অর্থাৎ, আনন্দ, হঠাৎ দুঃখ, হঠাৎ বিস্ময় হঠাৎ ঘৃণা ইত্যাদি নির্দেশ করে তাকেই Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

a.What a nice bird it is (পাখিটি কি সুন্দর!)

b. Alas! my only brother is dead! (হায় আমার একমাত্র ভাইটি মারা গেলো।)

C. What a fool he is! (সে কি বোকার বোকা।) d. Fiel Fiel you are so dishonest! (ছি! ছি! তুমি একেবারে অসৎ।)

উপরে বাক্যগুলো Exclamatory-এর দৃষ্টান্ত্। যেহেতু উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে হঠাৎ আবেগ বা অনুভূতি প্রকাশ পেয়েছে। এই বাক্যে আবেগসূচক চিহ্নও ব্যবহার করতে হয়। উপরে পাঁচ রকমের sentence-ই আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। লক্ষ্য করলে দেখা যায় প্রত্যেকটি Sentence-কে আবার দুভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। এর একটি হলো স্বীকৃতিমূলক বা হাঁ সূচক এবং অপরটি হলো অস্বীকৃতিমূলক বা না-সূচক।

যেমন- I am reading. (আমি পড়ছি।) এটি হাঁ সূচক বাকা। একটি ঘটনাকে স্বীকার করে নেয়া হচ্ছে। কিন্তু এটাকে যদি এভাবে বলা হয়- I am not reading (আমি পড়ছি না।) এখানে ঘটনাটি অস্বীকার করা হচ্ছে।
এটি হলো না সূচক থাকা।

ইংরেজিতে হাঁ সূচক বাক্যকে বা Sentence-কে বলে Affirmative Sentence (হাঁ সূচক বাক্য) আর না সূচক বাক্য বা Sentence কে বলে Negative Sentence (না সূচক বাক্য)।

একটি বাক্যকে হাঁ সূচক থেকে না সূচক বাক্যে রূপায়িত করা যায় ইচ্ছা করলে। কিন্তু উপরের Sentence গুলোর মধ্যে একমাত্র Exclamatory বাকা ছাড়া আর সবগুলো Sentence কে রূপান্তর করা যায়। অর্থাৎ তাদের প্রত্যেকের দুটো করে রূপ আছে। যেমনঃ

a. Affirmative (হাঁ সূচক

b. Negative (না সূচক)

নিচে Affirmative Negative বাক্য দেখানো হলো।

1. Aff. He is a boy.

Neg. He is not a boy.

2. Aff. Sabina will be happy. Neg. Sabina will not be happy

3. Aff. You are intelligent,

Neg. You are not intelligent.

4.Aff. I have pens.

Neg. I have no pens.

5. Aff. They will work hard.

Neg. They will not work hard.

6.Aff. I had a red cow.

Neg. I had no red cow./I did not have a red cow.

7.Aff. They have a ball.

Neg. They have no ball/ They do not have a ball.

8.Aff. He has a box. Neg. He has not a box / He has no box.

9. Aff. I can read a book. Neg. I can not read a book.

10. Aff. We may go there.

Neg. We may not go there.

11. Aff You should do the work.

Neg. You should not do the work.

12.Aff. I must work for me.

Neg. I must not work for me.

13. Aff I play football everyday.

Neg. I do not play fooball everyday.

14. Aff. We eat rice.

Neg. We do not eat rice.

15. Aff. You should go there.

Neg. You should not go there..

অতএব, দেখা গেল Sentence-এর মধ্যে not, no, do not, does not এবং did not যোগ করে Affirmative Sentence – Negative Sentence-Negative Noun-এর আগে no এবং অন্যসব স্থানে not বসে।

Today is our topic of discussion-A Great Man’s Service

A Great Man’s Service

Let’s read

We will now read the story of Henri Dunant, the man who started the Red Cross Society in 1864. The main objective of the society was to help the wounded soldiers who were not being taken care of. We will know about the Red Corss Society.

Section: 1

Henri Dunant was quiet and polite. He was affectionately called “The Gentleman in White’.
No one paid much attention to a young Swiss gentleman who was travelling in Italy in 1859. His dress and behaviour showed that he belonged to a rich family. But something that happened in the midst of his tour changed young Henri Dunant.

Italy and France were at war with Austria. Henri Dunant came upon one of their battlefields at the end of a day of fighting. It was Solferino. For the first time in his life Dunant saw how heartless war could be. All round him lay suffering men, untended and left to die where they fell.

Henri Dunant went to work at once. Helped by several village women he formed an ambulance service. He set up headquarters in a little church not far away. He made use of anyone who came along. He himself helped to bind up the wounds of Frenchmen, Italians, and Austrians alike.

Someone asked Dunant why he cared for Italy’s enemies. His answer showed a spirit of humanity that was not common in those days. We are all brothers. A wounded enemy is an enemy no longer.”

With his groups of helpers, Dunant helped to save many lives. Water and medicine were brought. Mattresses of straw were smoothed so that the wounded could lie in comfort. Those who despaired were given hope. Prayers were said for the dying. The “Gentleman in White” (as Dunant was called because he wore a white suit) was thought of by hundreds of wounded men as an angel.

Read, Think and Answer I

Answer each of the following questions.

1. Who is called “the gentleman in white”?

2. Which were the countries fighting against Austria?

3. What role did the village women play in helping the wounded?

4. Where was the headquarters of the “ambulance service” set up?

 Read the statements and write “T” for true and “F” for fasle.

1. Solferino is in Italy.

2. Only Swiss people were called to help the wounded.

3. People did not pay much attention to Dunant because he was quiet.

4. Dunant started serving the wounded soldiers.

5. France and Italy were enemies.

C. Each statement is followed by four choices. Tick (the appropriate choice.

1. Dunant helped the wounded soldiers because they were:

a) French

c) Austrian

b) Italian

d) Human beings

2. Dunant was also called an angel because he :

a) helped others

c) treated others as brother

b) wore white suit

Section II

Henri Dunant could not forget what had happened at Solferino on the battlefield. The soldiers had been left to suffer, some of them to die, because no group of people had been ready to look after the wounded. The more he thought of it, the more he felt that something must be done.

He thought of a great organisation. It should be planned to include in it many nations. It should have everything needed to reduce human suffering, especially in time of war. It would do its work with the help of all countries.
Shortly the plan grew in his mind. Each detail grew clear.

All nations would support and share in such a great work of humanity. It must work under a sign that all would know its symbol would be a red cross against a white background.

One man alone could hardly hope to make this dream real. But Henri Dunant decided to do what he could. First of all he must reach the public. It must see the need for this great organization. To make the need clear he wrote truthfully of what he had seen at Solferino.

At the end of his account he suggested that an international relief society should be set up to care for the wounded.Dunant’s book. A Memory of Solferino, shocked its readers. They were shocked by the bloodshed he described.

They were shocked by the lack of care for the wounded. And they were startled to have the writer prove that many of the horrors he described did not have to be. All that was needed was a relief society ready to give first aid on the battlefield.

Read, Think and Answer II

Answer the following questions:

(a) What were the initial steps Dunant took to convince people to have an organisation to help the wounded?

(b) Draw the symbol, as described in para 9. What does white and red colour stand for in the symbol?

(c) Describe the impact of the book “A Memory of Solferino” on the public mind.

Section III

One of Dunant’s own countrymen was the first to act. Gustav Meunier, a wealthy lawyer in Geneva, had been greatly moved by the book. He chose Dunant and four others to form the Committee of Five. It was to look into the idea of an international society.

After some careful study, the committee invited all the nations of Europe to a meeting in Geneva. The meeting, held on October 26, 1863, was a success. Thirty six delegates from fourteen nations were present. Dunant’s suggestions were accepted. It was decided that a relief society should be formed in each country.

An international agreement called the Geneva Convention was made the following year. The nations of Europe approved the new organization. For the first time in history, they accepted wounded men as neutral: a wounded soldier would no longer be looked on as an enemy.

The nations that signed the Geneva Convention chose the red cross as the symbol for the international organization. At first the new society was given different names in different countries. Later it was everywhere called the Red Cross Society.

Until his death in 1910, at the age of eighty two, he was always ready to work for a noble cause. And when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded for the first time, in 1901, the honour went to Dunant. No man has deserved it more than the founder of the Red Cross.

Read, Think and Answer III

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words
Įnamed, assisted, awarded, explored, signed, invited, decided]

Gustav Munier….Dunant in his effort.

The Committee of Five…..the idea of an international society.
English

European nations were to Geneva…..Fourteen nations

to form a relief society……Geneva Convention was in the year 1864.

Initially the new society was noble prize in the year 1901.

Dunant was…….differently in different countries.

Let’s Learn Grammar

Read the following sentences carefully.

1. Dunant formed an ambulance service.

2. An ambulance service was formed by Dunant
In sentence 1 and 2 the work done is ‘forming’ but the same thing has been said in 2 ways. In sentence 1 the subject is ‘Dunant’. In sentence 2 the subject is ambulance service.

Sentence 1 is the Active Voice.

Sentence 2 is in the Passive Voice. In sentence 1 Dunant is the doer or subject and ambulance service is the
object.

In sentence 2 ambulance service is the subject and Dunant is the object, In

a passive sentence the verb is often followed ‘by.

Thus, to make a passive sentence you do the following.

i) exchange the position of subject and object

ii) use ‘by before the doer.

iii) make some change in the verb.

Exercise:

Read the following sentences carefully. Rewrite the sentences on the basis of what you have just learnt.
Mattresses of straw were smoothened by the nurses. Nurses smoothened mattresses of straw

a) Veena caught the thief red hand.

b) I can eat ten idles in a minute.

c) Someone took the wounded soldiers in an ambulance.

d) Doctors looked after the patients.

e) Nurses bandaged their wounds.

Increase Your Word Power

1. Different word combinations have different meanings. You must have come across the following word combinatiions or phrases in the lesson.

set up

care for

pay attention to

make use of

bind up

be shocked by

in the midst of

lack of

set up means-to start

e.g. He has set up a small business at Uttara.

Care for means to look after love.

e.g. Dunant cared for the wounded soldiers of the enemy.

Exercise

Match the following phrases given under A with their meanings

given

under B.

Let’s write

Read the following information about the ‘Red Cross Society’ given in points and then write a paragraph.
The Red Cross Society

i) Formed – 22 Aug 1864- choose symbol – red cross on white background-
named Red Cross Society in 1867.

ii) Began work – 1870-71 – War in Europe, looked after 5 million people.

iii) World War – 1-relief work – information agency started.

iv) World War-II- collected, issued 450.000 tones of relief supplies, spent large amount on prisoners, soldiers.

v) Today- branches all over the world- reminds people- respect every human being

vi) Junior Red Cross Society – formed 1922

Let’s talk

Talking about a past event

Read the following conversation with a partner.

Ripa: What a boring match!

Deepa : Yeah! I never expected Bangladesh to play so badly.

Ripa: Anything is possible with the Bangladeshi cricketers.

Deepa : You remember the last match where Bangladesh won by I run.

Ripa: That was a thriller, I enjoyed it thoroughly.

Deepa : I wish we could see some more games like that.
You have read a diologue where two people talk about a past event. Can you think of a similar conversation for the following situations?

Situations:

(a) You saw an accident on the road; share this with your friend.

(b) You had a boring visitor last evening. Tell your friend how the visitor bored you.

Today is our topic of discussion-Relation and Jealousy

Relation and Jealousy

Let’s read

We often find that two brothers or friends become jealous of each other. They become rivals sometimes. Let’s read the story about two brothers-Nasim and Rana and find out what happened to them. Nasim is narrating the fact.

Section: I

I was only a year and some months younger than Rana; we grew up, studied and played together. No distinction of elder and younger was made between us. But just about the time I am speaking of I began to realize that I was no companion for him, either in age, in interest or in ability.

It even seemed to me that Rana himself was aware of his superiority and was proud of it. This idea (it may have been a wrong one) was inspired by my vanity which suffered every time I came in contact with him. He was better than me in everything: at lessons, in arguments and in manners, and all this took me farther from him and caused me moral anguish which I could not understand.

When Rana was given tucked linen shirts for the first time I was unhappy for not having shirts like that. I am sure I would have felt happier if I was convinced that every time he arranged his collar it was not done to annoy me. What tormented me most was that it sometimes seemed to me Rana understood what was going on inside me but tried to hide it.

But perhaps my sensitiveness and tendency to analyse deceived me in this case. It may be Rana did not feel at all as I did. He was impulsive and his enthusiasm in different hobbies did not last long.

He would suddenly develop a passion for pictures, himself take up painting. spend all his money buying them and beg them of his drawing-master, of papa and of grandmamma. Then it would be a craze for curios to decorate his table, collecting them from every room in the house, or a mania for novels which he obtained on the sly and read all day and night.

I could not help being impressed by his hobbies but I was too proud to imitate him and too young and not independent enough to choose a hobby for myself. But there was nothing I envied so much as Rana’s happy large heartedness which showd itself most strikingly when we quarrelled. I always felt that he was behaving well but I could not do likewise.

Read, Think and Answer I

The two brothers were not much different in their age. But the younger brother says “I was no companion for him.”

1. Give two reasons why he felt?

2. What was the effect of this feeling on his relationship with his elder brother?

3. What action of Rana, the elder brother, irritated the younger brother most?

4. What two qualities of Rana have been highlighted by the author?

5. What were Rana’s hobbies?

Let’s Read

Let’s read further to find out how the two brothers pulled on inspite of difference of their temperament. Did they quarrel? Did they learn to tolerate each other?

Section II

Once when his passion for ornaments was at its height. I went up to his table and accidentally broke an empty brightly-coloured little scent-bottle.

“Who asked you to touch my things” demanded Rana coming into the room and seeing how I had upset the symmetry of the different treasures on his table. “And where is the scent bottle’. You must have…..”
“I knocked it over by accident and it broke. What does it matter?” “Do me the favour-never dare touch my things again”.

he siad. Putting the piece of the broken flask together and looking at them sorrowfully.
“And you please don’t issue orders”. I retorted, “That’s all” And I smiled, though I did not feel in the least like smiling. “Yes, it’s nothing to you but it does matter to me”, pursued Rana, jerking his shoulder, a gesture he had inherited from papa. “He goes and breaks it, and then laughs, the nasty little brat!”
“I’m a little brat; and you’re big but you’re stupid.”

“I am not going to quarrel with you.” said Rana, giving me a slight push. ‘Go away’.

“Don’t push!”

“Get away!”

“Don’t push, I tell you!”

Rana took my word and tried to drag me away from the table; but I was beside myself by now: I got hold of the leg of the table and tipped it over. “There now!” And all his china and glass ornaments crashed to the floor.

“You disgusting little boy!” Cried Rana, trying to save some of his falling treasures.

“Well, now it is all over between us.” I thought as I left the room. ‘We have quarrelled for good.”

Read, Think and Answer II

1.

(a) How did the qurrel between Rana and the narrator start?

(b) Was it an intentional act of the narrator?

2. How did Rana react to the narrator’s action?

3. What in the narrator’s behaviour, was annoying to Rana?

4. How did the narrator show his anger when Rana dragged him ?

5. Why did the narrator think that it was all over between them?

Let’s read

The two brothers quarrelled and the narrator parted with a feeling that it was all over between them. Did it happen like that? Did they quarrel forever? Let’s find out.

Section III

We did not speak to each other till evening. I felt myself in the wrong and was afraid to look at him and could not do anything all day. Rana on the contrary. did his lessons well, and after dinner talked and laughed with sisters as usual.

As soon as afternoon lessons were over I left the room. I was too scared, uncomfortable and ashamed to be alone with my brother. After our history lesson in the evening I took my exercise books and started towards the door. As I passed Rana, though I wanted to go up to him and make friends, I scowled and put on an angry expression.

At that moment Rana raised his head and, with a meaningful smile, looked me full in the face. Our eyes met and I knew that he understood me; but some irresistable feeling made me turn away.
“Nasim!” he said in a most natural voice without a scrap of pathos. “Don’t be cross anymore. Forgive me if I offended you.”

And he held out his hand.Something that came higher and higher seemed to be pressing my chest and stopping my breath but this only lasted a second; tears came to my eyes, and I felt better.
“Forgive…. me Rana,” I stammered, squeezing his hand. Rana looked at me as if he could not make out at all why there should be tears in my eyes.

Read, Think Answer III

Now answer the following questions.

1. How did Nasim feel after the day’s incident?

2. How was Rana’s reaction different from that of Nasim?

3. “I was too scared, uncomfortable and ashamed to be alone with my brother,’ says Nasim Why does he think so?

4. How did Rana show that he was keen to make friend with Nasim inspite of the day’s event?

5. What do the tears in Nasim’s eyes speak about his feelings?

6. What actions of Nasim show that he was sorry for all what he did that morning?

Overall Questions

After breaking his brother’s scent bottle or dropping various curios on Rana’s table. Nasim didn’t say ‘sorry’. It was because…

a) He thought he was not wrong.

b) He thought it was a petty matter.

c) He wasn’t large hearted like his brother.

2. Why did the elder brother ask his younger brother’s forgiveness? It is because……

a) He had a large heart unlike his younger brother.

b) He was really in the wrong.

c) He thought “to err is human and forgive is divine”.

d) He wanted to show his superiority.

e) He wanted to let down his brother.

Let’s Learn Grammar

Read the following sentences “I began to realize that I was no companion for him” (Rana). Break the sentences above as shown below

A 1 began to realize (what)

B. That I was no companion for him.” A&B are two parts of this sentence each part has a subject and a verb A1 Subject

# began….. Verb B. I Subject

(H) was verb

(i) These parts are called clauses, Le. each clause has a subject as well as a verb
(tv) Clause

(b) is joined with clause (a) with a conjunction, that’

(v) Clause (b) is not independent. It is a subordinate clause

(vi) It (clause (b) functions as a noun (object to the verb began to
realize). It is noun clause.

Exercise 1

Separate the clause that is dependent in the following sentences.

1. He (Rana) said to Nasim. “Don’t be cross any more. Forgive me if I offended you.” . “I knew that he understood me.”

2. “Rana looked at me as if he could not make out at all why there should be tears in my eyes.

II. Useful Expressions:

Re-read the following sentences to understand the meaning of the underlined expressions.

1. I did not feel in the least like smiling

2 I was beside myself by now.

3. I got hold of the leg of the table.

These expressions mean as under

1. in the least not all

2. beside myself: out of one’s own control (due to anger)

3 got hold of got the possession of These are idiomatic expressions.

Exercise:

Now use these expressions in the following sentences to convey theirmeaning.

1. The Manager said, Tm not prepared to change the rates

2 With great efforts I have been able to Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. the latest edition of the

3. When my younger brothers broke of my bicycle I was

Increase Your Word power

Abstract words

There are some words that very clearly describe our feelings or mental state. e.g. Aware, anguish, understand, happy, annoy torment.

Exercise 1.

From the text pick out a few more words that relate to the mind and
feeling.

Let’s talk

Read the following dialogue and note the use of expressions underlined.

Bithi: I’m sorry Shatht. I have lost your book of stories. I am really sorry..

Shathi: It’s alright. But don’t you think that you are a bit careless about other’s things?

Bithi: I’m afraid, you’re not right. I really can’t forgive myself. I’m not careless. I had kept it in my bag. My bag is missing. I guess, it’s not really my fault I’ll buy another book for you. Would it do?

Shathi: Never mind I’m sorry for what I said. Let’s forget it now. I have another story book.

Bahti: So nice of you.

The expressions underlined convey what we really feel on such occasions.

Exercise:

You have lost a friend’s cricket bat. Talk to him and express your feelings of regret. Use the dialogue given as a model.

Let’s write

At the end of the day Rana and Nasim became friends again. Nasim, the younger brother wrote a page in his diary to record his feelings about his brother’s behaviour. Read it
24 Sept. 9 pm

It was very strange to see Rana in my room after the day’s incident when I had broken most of his curtos, china and glass ornaments. I had thought it was all over between us. But he was unusually polite and apologetic. He said sorry.

At last he had forgiven me. I was moved by his behaviour. I too was moved. What had happened to me? I wonder. We were both changed persons.
Nasim.

Do you know how to write a diary?

Let’s try to write a diary. Before writing in a diary it is important to make notes as shown below:

Event – Date when?

What was the event?

Consequences

Who all were involved

Where did it happen?

Reactions/emotions of people

Exercise

1. Write a page of your diary recording your feelings when you had quarrelled with one of your friends and have tried to make friends again.

Today is our topic of discussion-A Mother’s Job

A Mother’s Job

Let’s read

Here is a story about Abdur Rahman. Let us read and find out more about him:

Section: 1

Abdur Rahman was very wise and witty man in the court of King Bahadur. King Bahadur was the ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom. Abdur Rahman was the court jester, and many stories are told about him.

One day, King Bahadur asked his courtiers, “You are wise and learned men. Tell me, which is the most difficult job in the world?” The courtiers had a ready asnwer. They said, “Your Majesty, everyone konws that the job of ruling the country is by far the most difficult job in the world.”

The king was pleased with their answer. But he noticed that Abdur Rahman was smiling to himself, as if he found this answer funny. The king asked him why he was smiling. “Perhaps you don’t agree with your friends that my job is the most difficult job in the world.

Is that why you are smiling?” Abdur Rahman said. “Your Majesty, I agree that it is difficult to rule a country well. But I don’t think that it is the most difficult job in the world. There is another job which is much more difficult.”

Read, Think and Answer I

Fill in the blanks:

(1) Abdur Rahman was a court

(ii) Abdur Rahman was and

(iii) King Bahadur wanted to know

(lv) said that to rule a kingdom was

(v) But Abdur Rahman said that he did not think

Let’s Read

Let us read and find out what Abdur Rahman felt was the most difficult job in the world.

Section II

“Tell us what that job is. Rahman” said the king. “A mother’s job,” said Rahman “It is much more difficult to keep a child happy than to look after a kingdom.” The whole court broke into loud laughter, and of course Rahman was asked to prove the truth of his words. So Rahman brought a woman and her young son to the king.

“Now ask the kind King for anything that you want,” he told the little boy. “An elephant,” said the little boy at once. An elephant was immediately brought for him. “Put him into my basket,” the boy said, “I want to take him home.” “But he won’t fit into your basket, son. He’ll come walking behind you when you go home.”

The little boy was stubborn. “I want him in my basket,” he said, “My friends won’t know that he is my elephant if I don’t take him home in my basket.” He started crying, and nothing that anyone said would make him change his mind. The king and his courtiers tried everything they could. But the boy just did not listen. He cried and cried. Then the mother said something to Rahman and he immediately sent for a toy elephant.

She turned to her son and said, “Look, my son. Here’s a small elephant which is much more beautiful ring a gold chain, and there is a golden umbrella on top of its head.

It has wheels so that you can pull it behind you wherever you go. It will fit easily into your basket. Tell the man to take away the big elephant- your basket will break if you put him in it, and you can’t take him to your friend’s house because he is so big.”

The boy stopped crying. The mahout led away the elephant, and the little boy and his mother went away happily. Then the king wiping the sweat from his brow, said, “Rahman, I agree that a
mother’s job is the most difficult job in the world.”

Read, Think and Answer II

Answer the following questions briefly :

(1) What according to Abdur Rahman was the most difficult job in the world?

(11) Who did Abdur Rahman bring to court?

(1) What did the little boy ask from the king? (

iv) Why did the boy start crying? Mention two reasons.

(v) What did the mother do?

Overall Questions

Answer following questions:

(1) What did King Bahadur ask his courtiers? Why did Abdur Rahman smile at their answer?

(2) How did King Bahadur learn that a mother’s job is the most difficulut job in the world?

Let’s Learn Grammar

You must have read these words in the text:

Wise, witty, stubborn They tell us more about a person. – a wise courtier, a stubborn child. They are called adjectives. Words which tell us more about a person, thing or place are called adjectives.Look at the following words. Use them to fill in the blanks below:

Beautiful, old, good, simple, handsome.Shamim is a boy. He has a sculptures. Sometimes he buys many life. friend. He likes flowers. He leads a very

Increase Your Word Power

Look at the following table. Words given under names go together. They belong to the same type.

Underline the odd one out from the words given below:

eg: Mohan, Lalit, Pencil, Reena.

(1) Pigeon, Peacock, Kabaddi, Sparrow

(ii) Cricket, Badminton, Football, Singing.

(iii) Rice, Bread, Cake, Swimming. (iv) Patuakhali, Comilla, Guitar, Natore.

Let’s Talk

Asking and Answering Questions

Practice the following dialogue with your friend. Friend: Where did you go to this morning?

You: I went to the market.

Friend: What did you do there?

You: I bought vegetables.

Friend: When did you come back?

You: I came back before noon.

Let’s Write

You must have seen pictures of elephants. Complete the description of an elephant. You can use the following words.

Legs, trunk, bananas, grey, tail, ears, tusks.

The elephant is a large animal. It is……in colour. It has four fat has a small….The elephant loves to eat…..It has a long in front. It has two but it has two big.

Today is our topic of discussion-Magic Cure

Magic Cure

Let’s read

One day Rasel saw a snake. Let us hear what Rasel is narrating.

 Section: 1

One day I saw a small snake in the compound. It was crawling along slowly but when it saw me, it moved away quickly and hid itself in coconut shell. I quietly went near and closed the mouth of the coconut shell with a stone. Then I took the shell and ran to Grandmother.”Look, Grandma,” I cried, I have caught a snake.”

“Snake?” asked Grandmother in alarm. She was shocked. She cried for help. Grandfather came running. When he learnt that I had a snake in the shell, he snatched the shell and threw it away. The snake crawled away and disappeared behind some bushes. Grandfather warned me never to go near a snake, because snakes were very dangerous.

Read. Think and Answer 1

1. Where did the snake hide itself?

2. Where did Rasel put the stone?

3. What did Grandfather do with the coconut shell?

4. Why did the snake move away quickly?

Let’s read

Let us read and find out what happens next.

Section II

Later in the evening. I tried to catch a bee and it stung me on my finger. I felt a sharp pain. I ran to Grandmother and told her that I had been bitten and I wanted her to do something to stop the pain. Grandmother thought that I had been bitten by a snake. She called out to Grandfather, “Come and see what has happened to Rasel.”

Grandfather came at once. He looked at my finger and there was a blue mark. Without a word he took me in his arms and started running. He ran across the garden and through the paddy fields. He ran and ran and did not stop until he reached a small house quite some distance away from our home. Then he shouted for the man who lived there.

Read, Think and Answer II

1. What happened to Rasel later in the evening?

2. What did Grandfather do when he saw the blue mark?

3. “Grandfather shouted for the man”, Who do you think this man was?

Section III

An old grey haired man came out of the house. He knew the cure for snake bite. Grandfather asked him to cure me. The old man took me inside. He looked at my finger and then asked me to sit down and not to move. I sat on grandfather’s lap. The old man then took some water in a small brass vessel, sat in front of us and started reciting some mantras.

I wanted to tell him that it was a bee and not a snake that had bitten me. But Grandfather held me tight and did not allow me to talk. Grandmother too had arrived by then and some other people with her. They looked sad and silently watched me.

By this time the pain in my finger had stopped. But still I had to sit there and get cured of the “snake bite.”

After a few minutes, the old man got up, washed my finger and gave me some water to drink. He asked me to keep quiet for some more time. Then he turned to Grandfather and said “Thank God, you brought Rasel in time. He is out of danger now. It was indeed a poisonous snake that bit him.” Grandfather, Grandmother and all others thanked the old man for the magic cure. On returning home, Grandfather sent him gifts.

Read, Think and Answer III

1. How did the old man cure Rasel?

2. What had bitten Rasel?

3. “It was indeed a poisonous snake.” Who knew it was not?

Overall Questions

The sentences given below are not in the right order. Arrange them correctly and write the correct order in the box given below:

1. Rasel saw a small snake.

2. Everybody thought he had been bitten by the snake.

3. Rasel was finally cured of the “snake bite”.

4. So, Grandfather took him to a man who knew a magic cure.

5. He shut the snake inside the coconut shell.

6. Rasel was then stung by a bee.

7. The snake crawled into a coconut shell.

 Let’s Learn Grammar

(A) Simple past

(1) Add-ed and put these words in the past tense.

e.g. asked asked.

Jump…. snatch… walk

…laug….help

(ii) Now use these words in the blanks below:

(a) Reena me do my homework.

(b) The thief

(c) They. my bag and ran away.
two kilometers to fetch water.

(d) Mohan loudly.

(e) The monkey.

(B) Adverbs

Form adverbs by using ly.

e.g. slowly slowly.

Loving…bad…loud

Now use the new words to fill in the blanks below.

While playing Rubel hurt himself So he started crying. Hearing his cries his grandmother came running. She put a bandage on his wound. Then alright” she said. “Quiet, my child, quiet. Now you will be

Increase Your Word Power

Some words are given below. Give words opposite in meaning

e.g. tall short

hot/cold

old….small…near…close…quickly

Let’s Talk

Making requests

Practise the following with your friend

(A)

You: May I borrow your pen please? Friend: Certainly. Here you are.
You: Thank you.

(B)

Friend: Do you have a spare pencil?

You: Yes I do.

Friend: May I borrow it? I’ve forgotten to bring mine.

You: Yes, of course. Here you are.

Friend: Thank you.

Exercise:

Now ask your friend for a grammar book and eraser and follow the dialogue given above.

Let’s Write

Describing people

Rasel came home and wrote a description of the old man.

“An old grey haired man came out of the hut. He was a tall man with a white beard. His hair was not combed. He wore a long robe. It was white in colour. He had a sharp look in his eyes. But he was very gentle.”

Discussion

Rasel is describing the old man who cured him. Before he wrote those sentences, these were the points he made.

How to describe people

Before you describe a person you should note down some important points about that person. These points should relate to that person’s age, physical features, manners, habits etc. Next you should decide the order of the points. For example you may begin by telling the name of the person. Now you can do it in the following manner.

• Name
• Age
• Habits reading, singing
• Profession: teacher, doctor
• Nature: loving, kind, gentle

Exercise :

Describe your grandmother or the person you admire most in eight simple sentences.

Today is our topic of discussion-Production of New Things

Production of New Things

Let’s read

We generally sell off old newspapers, bottles, cans and other used materials. These old, used things are converted into new things which we can use again. This is called recycling. I’m sure you would like to know more about this.

Section: 1

Recycling rubbish not only helps save money. It also helps the environment. We lessen the pollution that is created by burning rubbish and we save valuable resources. Western countries waste a great deal of earth’s resources. In Bangladesh, a lot of trees are felled every week just for the printing of different news papers. Recycling used paper would easily save these trees.

Many countries encourage recycling and new technology, allows more waste to be reused. Most of the world’s rubbish can be reused-paper, metals, glass, and even some plastics.

Read, Think and Answer 1

Say if the following statements are True or False.

1. Recycling is reusing the waste

2. Recycling doesn’t increase pollution

3. Technology makes recycling possible

4. Only a few used things can be recycled.

Section II

Plastic is one of the most difficult substances to recycle, because it comes in so many varieties. Some plastic bottles, for example, consist of six layers of different types of plastic, each designed to give the bottles certain qualities- shape, strength, flexibility. And as yet there is no simple way to be turned an old plastic bottle into a new one.

Plastic scrap can only be turned into a porduct of lower quality- a plastic might be cleaned, cut into very, very tiny pieces and used to stuff seat cushions, a mixture of plastic waste can be recycled into plastic ‘timber’ and used to make durable fencing. But a lot of plastic waste still has to be thrown away.

Metals are different. Any car on the road today will consist, in part, of earlier cars that have been scrapped and recycled into new steel and other metals.

The more valuable the metal, like gold and silver, the more it pays to recycle it. Aluminium is worth recycling because extracting it from Bauxite consumes a huge amount of electricity.

Read, Think and Answer II

Say if the following statements are True or false

1. Plastic can be recycled and converted into a new plastic mug.

2. A new car may have a component produced by recycling metal scrap.

3. Recycling some of the products helps in saving electricity.

Section III

Glass is also worth recovering. The most sensible method is to use glass bottles as often as possible. In countries which still use milk bottles, the average bottle makes about 30 trips to and from the dairy.
Broken glass known as ‘cullet’ can also be recycled, and many western countries have bottle banks into which used bottles can be thrown.

Usually there are payments. Bottle banks depend on pepole’s goodwill. The success of bottle banks varies widely from country to country. The Swiss and Dutch recover 50 percent of their glass, while in Britain only 12 percent is recovered. In Bangladesh, of course, we sell our bottles which are then reused.

Glass is best separated by colour, since cullet of mixed colours can be used only to make green glass. Broken glass can be remelted in furnaces and then it can easily be shaped into new bottles or other objects.
Half the world’s waste consists of paper.

Many countries import waste paper rather than new pulp for their paper mills. The waste is pulped, cleaned and bleached to remove most of the ink and dirt, before it is turned into new paper in the same way as wood pulp or rags, Japan now makes half its paper by recycling.

It is true that in Bangladesh we generally avoid waste. However, as we enter the twenty-first century, we are beginning to imitate some of the wasteful habits of
the western countries. This is something that all of us need to think about.

Read, Think and Answer III

Say if the following statements are True or False.

1. The Swiss and the Dutch make half their paper by recycling.

2. Cullet cannot be recycled

3. Green glass can be made from broken glass of different colours

4. A major portion of the world’s waste consists of paper.

Overall Questions

1. What are the advantages of recycling?

2. When you go shopping, would you like the shopkeeper to use paper or polythene to pack the things you buy? Give reasons for your answer.

Let’s Learn Grammar

Read the following sentences from the text:

1. It is true that in Bangladesh we generally avoid waste. However, as we enter the twenty-first century, we are beginning to imitate some of the wasteful habits of the western countries.

2. A mixture of plastic waste can be recycled into plastic timber’ and used to make durable fencing. But a lot of plastic waste still has to be thrown away. In the above pairs of sentences, the second sentence is introduced by words however and but. These words connect the second statement that has a contrasting idea with the first. But is generally used in informal contexts. Sometimes but can be replaced with still, or yet. For example.

The teacher was angry. But he did not punish the student.

The teacher was angry. Still he did not punish the student.

The teacher was angry, yet he did not punish the student. But in more contexts and when we wish to be emphatic

we use however. Notice that however is used in the middle of the sentence with a comma. The teacher was angry, he did not, however, punish the student.

If we wish to be more emphatic still, we use however in the initial position as in the following sentences. The teacher was angry. However, he did not punish the student. Rewrite the following sentences using different contrast words like Yet, but, however.

1. Cars can go very fast. They cannot, however, go as fast as aeroplanes.

Increase your word power

1. Score out words which do not constitute our natural resource

Earth

Plastic

Trees

Paper

Bottles

Gold

Air

Water

2. Match the describing words with the noun they describe

Describing word

Noun

Valuable

bottles

Coloured Western

metals

glass

Plastic. Precious

countries

resources

Eg: plastic bottles.

 Let’s talk

We find there is a campaign for clean and green environment and various suggestions are being given to preserve nature and natural resources. Assume you are discussing with a friend of yours the ways and means of keeping the environment clean and green.

Example

You: Do not waste paper

Your Friend: Why should we not throw away used paper?

You: One reason is. It can always be recycled.

Let’s Write

Describing a process

Read the following:

The waste is pulped, cleaned and bleached to remove most of the ink and dirt. before it is turned into new paper in the same way as wood pulp or rags.” What is the above description about? It describes the process of manufacturing paper using waste substances. The process involves four stages. To make the process more explicit, we can use time markers such as ‘first’, ‘scond’ and ‘next. We can say “First, the waste is pulped. Next it is cleaned and after that it is bleached. Finally, it is turned into new paper.”

Given below are the important stages involved in writing and sending letters. Rewrite them in the form of a paragraph. Use time markers to connect the sentences.

Write a letter

Put the letter in the envelope – Get It weighed -Buy stamps

Check Your Answer Read, think and answer I
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
Read, think and answer II

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
Read, think and answer III
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True

Overall Questions

1. Recycling rubbish not only helps save money, it also helps the enviroment. We lessen the pollution that is created by burning rubbish and we save valuable resources.

2. I would like the shopkeeper to use paper for packing things because after use it can be recycled but polyethylene cannot be recycled.

Let’s learn grammar

1. Cars can go very fast. They cannot, however, go as fast as acroplanes. Cars can go very fast, but they cannot go as fast as aeroplanes. Cars can go very fast. However, they cannot go as fast as aeroplanes. Cars can go very fast. Yet, they cannot go as fast as aeroplanes.

2. We can send space ships to the Mars. Still, we cannot send space ships to the Sun.

Today is our topic of discussion-A Garments Worker

A Garments Worker

Discussion

Nasima is a garment worker. She works in ‘Oriental Garmets’ which is located in Elephant Road, Dhaka. She has been working there for about three years. Her main task is sewing garments.

Nasima lives near Azimpur with some other garments workers. Every day she goes to work and comes back home on foot. It takes nearly 30 minutes, but she wants to save money and therefore walks much.
Nasima is from Hatibandha, Lalmonirhat. She passed her SSC exam in 1998.

She then wanted to go to college, but her father. Abu Hanif, told her that he was unable to bear her expenses. She was sad to hear this, but she knew that her father was poor. They have a big family of 3 sisters and 2 brothers. She is the second child of her parents. Her elder sister. Hasina, is married. The younger sister.

Selina, and the brothers, Manik and Sohel, go to school. It is difficult for her father to maintain this big family. He has a tea-stall in a local market. But he does not earn enough. Her mother. Atta Begum, looks after the family. She is very often sick.

Nasima wanted to help her family. So she came to Dhaka with a girl from their village. She was sad to leave her parents behind. She was unhappy to give up her studies, but she knew that she couldn’t continue to do so. After coming to Dhaka, Nasima started looking for a job. But it was difficult for her to get one. At last she got a job in ‘Oriental Garments’. A girl from her village who works there, managed to get her the job.

Read, Think and Answer

Answer each of the following questions:

1. Where does Nasima work?

2. How does she go to work every day?

3. Where is she from?

4. Why couldn’t she go to college?

5. Why is it difficult for her father to maintain their family?

6. Why has she come to Dhaka?

Let’s Learn Grammar

A. Look at the following sentences from the above passage.

• She was sad to leave her parents behind.
• She was unhappy to give up her studies.

These sentences tell us how Nasima felt when she left her parents behind and
when she decided to stop studying. The structure of the sentences is:
Subject + was / were + adjective + to verb

In the examples above, we see the use of the past tense (was) but we can also use the present tense (am/is/are). Remember that we use this kind of sentence to describe our feelings about activities or happenings.
Now make sentences with the words in the following table. One exmaple is given for you.

Example :

1. I will be happy to see you again

2……

3…….

4……

Now use the following sets of words and make sentences like the above. One example is given for you.

Note that we can use another structure instead of the above one.

Look at the following example. It is bad to copy in the exam = Copying in the exam is bad. It is easy to take a picture = Taking a picture is easy. It is hard to climb a mountain = Climbing a mountain is hard.

Increase Your word Power

Make sentences with the following words: sad, younger, give up, unable, expenses.

Let’s talk

Perhaps you can understand that all the sentences above talking about something that is correct for all of us. But we may also say something that is appropriate only for particular people. Then we will have to add something to the structure. Look at the following example from the above passage.

It is difficult for her father to maintain this big family It was difficult for her to manage one. Similarly, we can say It is difficult for Nasima to earn 5000 taka per month It is easy for him to do the sum It is good for me to do exercise in the morning Now say 5 activities that you do using the adjectives below. Use sentences like the above.

1. Easy = It is easy for me to

2. Difficult

3. Good

4. Dangerous

5.Safe

Let’s Write

A. Describing a family

We know about Hanif’s family from the above passage. The writer tells us something about all the members of the family. The description is given below with some gaps. Fill in the gaps by using suitable words. You may take words from the passage above. One example is given for you.

Hanif’s Family

Hanif’s family is a………. family. It has members. The father, Abu Hanif,
of the family. He is a shopkeeper. He has a tea-stall in the local market. The mother, looks. the family. But she is very often

is the The eldest child of the family is She works In She Is. The next is The third child is also a Her name is……. She is in the school. and………… are two boys. They are also school-going children.

The above description includes the following points.

1. Family size:

2. Total members:

3. Head of the family along with profession :

4. Mother:

5. Children, what they do:

Today is our topic of discussion-The Landlord and the Barber

The Landlord and the Barber

Discussion

Long long ago there lived a barber in a village. He was very hard-working. He toured the whole village every day and cut people’s hairs. But he didn’t earn enough money. He didn’t have any other source of income. And so he and his family members were very poor.

One day he was returning home from a nearby village. He was all alone. It was the rainy season. Clouds were gathering in the sky. The wind was blowing. People were running away from the fields. They knew that it was going to rain. So they were looking for some shelter.

The barber was passing by a banyan tree when the rain started. He stopped walking and came under the tree. He was waiting for the rain to stop. But it was not stopping. He was getting wet because it was not a good shelter. So he started walking again.

After some time he entered his village. He was passing by the landlord’s house when the landlord saw him. At that time the landlord was sitting on a chair in a veranda. He was watching the rain. He asked the barber to come to him. The barber became afraid. He thought that the landlord was going to threaten him for some fault.

He was walking to the house when the rain stopped. He stopped near the veranda and saluted the landlord. The landlord was looking at him. He was completely wet.

The landlord felt pity for the poor man. He knew his condition very well. So he gave him a piece of land. He told him to cultivate it and grow crops there. The barber became very happy. He saluted the landlord again and went away.

 Read Think and Answer

Say whether the following statements are True or False

1. The barber was very lazy and so he was poor.

2.Cutting people’s hairs was his only source of income.

3.The barber knew that the landlord was going to give him the land.

4. The landlord was a kind man.

5. He gave the land to the barber only for a short time.

6. The land was not good for cultivation.

7. The harber was very happy and thankful to the landlord.

 Overall Questions

Answer each of the following questions.

1.What was the barber waiting for to stop?

2. What was the barber passing by?

3Who was sitting on a chair in the veranda?

4. Why was the barber getting wet?

5. When was it raining?

6. Where was the barber returning from?

Let’s Learn Grammar

A. Look at the following sentences from the above story.

1. One day he was retuming home from a nearby village.

2. He was walking alone.

3. Clouds were gathering in the sky.

Note that all these sentences are about activities which were going on for some time in the past. If you want to say that something was happening or someone was doing something for a short time, you can use this form.

This is called the past progressive or past continuous tense.
Look at the formation of past progressive verbs.

Exercise: Make past progressive verbs with the following sets of words. The
first one is done for you.

1. The passengers / wait/ for the train. past progressive: The passengers were waiting for the train.

2. The mother/feed/ her baby

past progressive:

3. It/rain/in the morning.

past progressive :

4. Students / make noises / in the class.

past progressive:

5. A bird/fly/in the sky

past progressive :

6. The phone/ring/in the drawing room.

past progressive:

7. The singer/sing/songs/ on TV

past progressive:

Look at the following sentences from the above story.

1. The barber was passing by a banyan tree when the rain started

2. He was passing by the landlord’s house when the landlord saw him.

You see that in both the sentences there are two actions.

Sentence 1: The barber was passing by a banyan tree + the rain started.

Sentence 2: He was passing by the landlord’s house + the landlord saw him. We understand from

the sentences that the first action was going on for some time. Then suddenly the second action took place.

Remember that we use the past progressive for the first action that was going on for some time and we use the past simple for the later action. You can also note that the action of the past progressive goes on for a longer time.

Exercise: Use the right forms of verbs in the brackets. The first two are done for you.
1. The electricity (go) away while we (watch) TV
= The electricity went away while we were watching TV.

2. I (take) dinner when the phone (ring).
= I was taking dinner when the phone rang.

3. They (walk) to school when the rain (start).

4.The bell (ring) while the students (listen) to their teacher.
=
5. She (cook) in the kitchen when the guest (enter) the house

6.The man (catch) fish in the pond when the snake (bite) him.

7. He (ride) the bicycle when the chain (fall) down.

8.The advertisement (come) while we (watch) a drama serial,

Let’s talk

We can make Yes/No qustions in the past progressive. We use Was or Were for this.
Exercise: Make questions with the following statements. The first one is done for you.

1. He was walking home. Question: Was he walking home? Answer: Yes, he was.

2. The landlord was looking at him.

Question: Answer:

Bony’s mother was cooking fish.

Question:

Answer:

The people were running to the fields.

Question: Answer:

The wind was stopping.

Question: