Today is our topic of discussion- Joining of Sentences

Joining of Sentences

এই Lesson-এ বিভিন্ন Pattern এর Sentence তৈরীর জন্য Structure দেয়া আছে। সে অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন নিয়ম প্রয়োগ করে দু’টি Sentence-কে join করে একটি Sentence-এ পরিণত করতে হবে। নিম্নে ধারাবাহিকভাবে Structure ও নিয়মগুলো আলোচনা করা হল:

1. Sothat (এত যে)

So that দিয়ে দুটি Sentence কে যুক্ত করতে হলে নিম্নের নিয়ম অনুস্মরণ করতে হয়।

a) প্রথম বাক্যের very এর পরিবর্তে so

b) তারপর Adjective / adverb.

c) পরে (.) full stop উঠে that

d) শেষে দ্বিতীয় বাক্য।

যেমনঃ

The man is very fat. He can not move.
Ans: The man is so fat that he can not move.
(ii) Rana was a very honest boy. He could never tell a lie. Ans. Rana was so honest boy that he could never tell a lie.

 

 

2. Too – To ( এত / এতই……. যে)

যখন দুই বাক্যের Subject এক থাকে তখন এই নিয়ম :

(a) প্রথম বাক্যে verb থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে সেখানে too লিখতে হবে। এছাড়া প্রথম বাক্যের আর কোন পরিবর্তন। হবে না। verb না থাকলে প্রথম বাক্যের verb এর পরে too বসাতে হবে।

(b) এর পরে Full stop বাদ দিয়ে to লিখতে হবে।

(c) এর পরে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের verb থেকে শুরু করে শেষ পর্যড় লিখতে হবে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের verb টি Past tense থাকলে পরিবর্তন করে Present tense-এ নিতে হবে।

(d) দ্বিতীয় Sentence এর শুরুতে sufficient, so, but, and, as থাকলে তা বাদ দিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ :

a) The boy is very small. He cannot do the work. Ans:- The boy is too small to do the work.

b) Jerry was very honest. He did not show any excuse.

Ans:- Jerry was too honest to show any excuse.

* যখন দুটি বাক্যের Subject ভিন্ন হয়, তখন এই নিয়ম :

(a) ১ম Sentence এ যথারীতি too বসে এবং উক্ত sentence এর অন্য কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না

(b) for বসে

(c) ২য় Sentence এর Subject টি Objective form বসে

(d) to বসে

(e) মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে (তবে ১ম sentence এর subjcet কে নির্দেশকারী কোন pronoun থাকলে তা উঠে যায়)

উদাহরণ– Mr. Rahim is very honest The villagers can not disobey him. Ans. Mr. Rahim is too honest for the villagers to disobey.

উলেখ্য : too এর পূর্বে বা পরে কোন article বসে না তাই সেক্ষেত্রে article টি উক্ত Sentence এর শেষোক্ত Noun এর পূর্বে বসে।।

উদাহরণ :

It is a very interesting matter. We can not overlook it. Ans. It is too interesting a matter for us to overlook.

3. Present Participle (Verb + ing)

দৃটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে এই নিয়ম

a) প্রথম বাক্যের Subject উঠে যায়।

b) তারপর ১ম বাক্যের Verb এর Present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।

c) প্রথম বক্যের বাকী অংশ লেখার পর comma দিতে হবে।

d) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject বাদ দিয়ে সেখানে প্রথম বাক্যের Subject লিখতে হবে। এর পর দ্বিতীয় বাক্য অপরিবর্তীত ভাবে লিখতে হবে তবে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের শুরতে and, so, then, but থাকলে বাদ দিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ :

1. Jerry sat by the fire. He told a series of lies.
Ans:- Sitting by the fire, Jerry told a series of lies..

2. The old sailor left the marriage guest. He went away.
Ans:- Leaving the marriage guest, the old sailor went away.

 

 

4. Because of / On account of (arce

* কারণ নির্দেশক Sentence টি প্রথমে দেয়া থাকলে এই নিয়ম :

a) সর্বপ্রথমে Because of বসাতে হবে।

b) Sentence Subject Possessive

Subject

Possessive Case

My

She

They

Her

Their

He

His

Our

We

Della’s

Della

Jerry’s Your

Jerry You

c) এর পরে কারন প্রকাশক বাক্যের Verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হবে।

d) কিন্তু যদি বাক্যে শুধুমাত্র auxiliary verb থাকে তাহলে am, is, are, was, were থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে being লিখতে হবে এবং বাক্যে have, has, had থাকলে তা বাদ নিয়ে ঐ স্থানে having লিখতে হবে।

e) প্রথম Sentence এর বাকী অংশ লিখে comma দিতে হবে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটি অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে লিখতে হবে।

f) Joining করার সময় কোন বাক্যের শুরুতে so, as, then, but yet থাকলে বাদ দিতে হয়।

উদাহরণ :

1. I was weak. I could not work.

Ans: Because of my being weak, I could not work.

2. I was careful. I escaped the danger. Ans:- Because of my being careful, I escaped the danger. কারণ নির্দেশক Sentence পরে থাকলে এই নিয়ম (a) প্রথমে ফল নির্দেশক Sentence টি বসে

(b) because of

(c) কারণ sentence টির subject এর possessive form বসে+

(d) মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগে sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

B: Everybody loves Jasim. He is very honest. Ans. Everybody loves Jasim because of his being very honest. কারণ নির্দেশক sentence এর শুরুতে যদি it বা there থাকে তাহলে এই নিয়ম

(a) কারণ নির্দেশক sentence এর পূর্বে Because of বসে

(b) উক্ত sentence এর মূল verb এর পর থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে

(c) অপর sentence টি অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে।

There was dense fog. They could not go out.

Ans. Because of dense fog, they could not go out

5. Not only .. But also ( শুধু তাই নয়)

a) Not only But also নিয়ে দুটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি বাক্য পড়ে নিতে হবে। প্রথম ও দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে যে সকল Word এক থাকে প্রথম বাক্য থেকে সেই সকল Word লিখতে হবে এবং এর পরে Not only লিখতে হবে।

b) এর পরে প্রথম বাক্যের বাকী অংশ লিখতে হবে।

c) Not only এর পূর্বে যে সকল Word লিখা হয়েছে দ্বিতীয় বাক্য থেকে সেই সকল Word বাদ দিয়ো সেখানে But also লিখতে হবে।

d) এর পরে দ্বিতীয় বাকোর বাকী অংশ লিখতে হবে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে also, too, so, and then, as well থাকলে তা বাদ দিতে হবে

উদাহরণ :

দুইটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে

1. They cursed him. They hung the dead albatross.

Ans:- They not only cursed him but also hung the dead albatross.

2. He rebuked me. He helped me too.

Ans:- He not only rebuked me but also helped me.

6. Relative Pronoun ( गा Noun ा Pronoun এর পরিবর্তে বসে)

সাধারণতঃ Who, which, that, whose, who, what a Word Relative Pronoun করা হয়। Relative Pronoun দিয়ে Sentence যুক্ত করার সময়

a) প্রথম বাক্যটি অপরিবর্তীত ভাবে লিখতে হবে।।।

b) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject দিয়ে মানুষ বুঝা Subject বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Who বসাতে হবে।

c) দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject দিয়া বন্ধ, প্রাণী, শিশু, দেশের নাম ইত্যাদি বুঝালে ঐ Subject বা নিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Which বসাতে হবে।

d) দ্বিতীয় ব্যাংকার Subject his, their our her ইত্যাদি থাকে তাহলে উহা বাদ দিয়ে ঐ স্থানে Whose লিখতে হবে।

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject যখন মানুষ বুঝাবে তখন Who বসবে ।

1. I met a boy yesterday. He is my brother.

Ans:- Yesterday I met a boy who is my brother.

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের Subject যখন বস্তু, প্রাণী, শিশু বুঝাবে তখন Which বসবে।

1. The old sailor saw an albatross. It made the wind blow.

Ans:- The old sailor saw an albatross which made the wind blow.

দ্বিতীর বাক্যের Subject যখন her, his, my, your, their হয় তখন Whose বসবে।

1. I met a boy. His father is a teacher.

Ans:- I met a boy whose father is a teacher.

7. Since / As / Because / For ( সেহেতু, কারণ)

a) দুইটি বাক্যের মধ্যে যে বাক্যটি কারণ প্রকাশ করে সেই বাক্যটির পূর্বেই এগুলো বসাতে হবে। তবে Since / as বাক্যের শুরুতে বা মাঝে বসতে পারে। কিন্তু because / for সাধারণত বাক্যের মাঝে বসে। এক্ষেত্রে কারণ প্রকাশক বাক্যটি আগে থাকলে তা for / because এর পরে নিয়ে যেতে হবে। ১ম থাকা কারণ প্রকাশ করলে গঠনas / since +১ বাক্য কমা (,)+2 বাকা। আবার ২য় বাক্য কারণ প্রকাশ করলে গঠন ১ম বাকা + as / since না থাকা।

b) প্রথম বা দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের অনুতে as, so therefore, as a result, that is why, thus, this is why, hence, then থাকলে তা বাদ নিতে হবে।

উদাহরণ

1. Jim was poor. That is why he could not buy a pen.
Ans:- As / Since Jim was poor, he could not buy a pen.

2. The prices of things were much higher. So the writer was startled. Ans. The writer was startled for / because /as / since the prices of things were much higher.

8. Infinitive (To + verb) / In Order to ( উদ্দেশ্য)

Verb — Present form এর আগে to বসে Infinitive গঠিত হয়। Infinitive দ্বারা দু’টি বাক্য যুক্ত করার নিয়ম নিম্নরূপ ও

a) প্রথমে উদ্দেশ্যহীন বাক্যটি বসে। এরপর উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাক্যটির পূর্বে Infinitive (to+verb) / in order to বসে। তারপর বাক্যের Subject, auxiliary verb (must, can, many, shall, will, do, did ইত্যাদি) উঠে। বাক্যের ইচ্ছা বা উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক শব্দ/ Phrase (wish / intend / hope / want / wanted to, with this end, in view, for this / that purpose ইত্যাদি) প্রভৃতি বাদ যায়। তবে কোন Negative চিহ্ন (not, never ইত্যাদি) থাকলে তা ‘to’ এর পূর্বে বসান।

b) তারপর বাকোর মূল Verb এর Present form বাকি অংশ যুক্ত হবে।

c) উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাকাটি প্রথমে থাকলে অপরটিকে বাক্যের অনুতে আনতে হবে।

d) হয় নাকোর কোন Pronoun (it, them প্রভৃতি) ১ম বাকোর Object- কে নির্দেশ করণে অর্থাৎ একই ব্যক্তি/বস্তুকে বুঝালে ानা गाবে।

গঠন : প্রথমে উদ্দেশ্যহীন বাক্যটি to / in order to + উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশক বাক্যের Subject বান + বাক্যের auxiliary verb, wish / Intend / want to ইত্যাদি থাকলে বাল + মূল Verb এর Present form +বাক্যের বাকি অংশ ।

Example:

(a) I have some duties. I must perform them.
Ans. I have some duties to perform.

(b) I shall never do it again, I am determined.
Ans. I am determined never to do it again.

(c) The dog lay close to him. It wanted to find comfort there.
Ans. The dog lay close to him to / in order to find comfort there.

9. In Spite of / Despite (AG)

a) এক্ষেত্রে না থাকো notwithstanding, still, but, yet, nevertheless প্রভৃতি থাকলে বা ে

b) তারপর বাক্য দুটির যেটিতে সত্ত্বেও যদিও ধারণা যুক্ত থাকে, তার পূর্বেই in spite of বসে। But, vet প্রভৃতি ২য় থাকো থাকা ১ম থাকোর আগে in spite of বসে।

c) In spite of ১ম বাকোর আগে বসলে ১ম বাদ শেষে একটি কমা (,) বসবে।

d) In spite of-4 Subject- Possessive form/case: He- his, she-her, you-your, it-its, they-their refs Noun Subject -Rahim, the girl, the porter gefe apostrophe .

NB: কোন বাক্যের Subject পাখি, প্রাণি, নম্র, পদার্থ, আবহাওয়া, শরীরের অঙ্গ প্রভৃতি হলে ঐ শব্দ/শব্দ সমূহ অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থা In spite of এর পরে বসে।

e) Be’ Verb (am, is, are, was, were refs CAST SRT)- 45 R being Verb “To Have’ (has, have, had sefy face having Verb (love, dislike, kill, hate f) Gerund-4 Verb- 4 Present form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।

(i) দুটি বাক্যের Subject এক হলে in spite of এর পরে Pronoun এর Possessive form ব্যবহার করাই শ্রেয় এবং Noun টিঁকে অন্য অংশের Subject করতে হবে।

N. B: Inspite of despite-fructe y Subject-

Possessive form Verb am, is, are, was, have, has, had প্রভৃতি থাকলে বাদ যাবে এবং Adjective থাকলে তা Noun -এ পরিণত হবে। যেমন: rich riches, poor poverty, strong-strengh refs / Doing’ verb 4 Present form- এর সাথে ‘ing’ যুক্ত হয়।

(i) In spite of + Subject-47 Possessive form + being/having / verb+ing

(gerund)+ সত্ত্বেও ধারণা যুক্ত বাক্যের বাকি শব্দ + মা (,) + অন্য বাক্যটি।

(i) In spite of Subject- Possessive form Verb am/is/ are/was/ were/ have/has / had + Adjective- Noun form / Verb ing (gerund) + সঙ্গে ধারণা যুক্ত বাক্যের বাকি শব্দ অন্য বাক্যটি।

Example:

(a) The old sailor killed a bird. Yet, he got relief. Ans. In spite of his killing a bird, the old sailor got relief.

(b) He was unhappy. He had vast wealth.
Ans. He was unhappy in spite of his having vast wealth.
Or, He was unhappy in spite of his vast wealth.

(c) I was busy. Yet, I met him yesterday.
Ans. In spite of my being busy, I met him yeserday.

 

 

10. Though / Although ()

1. (a) দুটি আপাতঃ বিরোধ ধারণাকে যুক্ত করতে Conjunction রূপে though /although ব্যবহৃত notwithstanding, still, yet, but, nevertheless ef गान गान।

(b) এরপর দুটি বাক্যের মেটির সাথে যদিও সত্ত্বেও ধারণা যুক্ত থাকে, তার পূর্বেই although / though বসে । But, yet প্রভৃতি ২য় নাকো থাকলে although / though ১ম বাক্যের আগে বসবে।

(c) Although / though বাক্যের অনুতে বসলে ১ম বাক্য শেষে একটি কমা (,) +although/though   Although / Though ++ERT :(,)+2T ART ||| অথবা, Although / Though যে বাক্যের উপর বেশি জোর+অন্য বাকাটি।

Example:

(a) They will come. They have no car.

Ans. They will come though / although they have no car.

(b) It is difficult to explain. But it exists. Ans. Although/Though it is difficult to explain, it exists.

(c) Her eyes were shining brilliantly. But her face had lost its colour.
Ans. Though her eyes were shining brilliantly, her face had lost its colour.

Exercise

Too ——- To

1. I am extremely tired. I cannot help him.

2. I was very young. I had not learned to say ‘no’ to a women.

3. He played very well. He got the prize.

4. They are very nice. They cannot be used.

5. The parcel is very heavy. It cannot be sent by post.

6. Jerry was very honest. He was liked by the authoress.

7. The load is very heavy.

I cannot carry it.

Present Participle

1. 1 had finished my word. Then I left the room.

2. I answered. I thanked her.

3. The old sailor went away. He left the marriage guest.

4. The sun has set. We went outside.

5. The tea is very hot. I cannot drink it.

6. Della was slender. She mastered the art.

Because of

1. He had experince. He was appointed Headmaster.

2. He behaved badly. He was punished.

3. I worked hard. I earned much money.

4. They played well. They won the prize.

Not only but also

1. The lady ate caviare. She also drank coffee.

2. Jerry is honest. He is industrious too.

3. We are poor. We are also unwilling to work hard.

4. Foreign travel is pleasant. It is also instructive.

Relative Pronoun

1. Jerry had an imaginary mother. She lived in Mannvile.

2. I read David copperfield. It is a very interesting book.

3. She is a beautiful girl. Her sister is a nurse.

4. He is a teacher. I saw him writing.

Since / As

1. God forgave the old saior. He showed love to all creatures.

2. Della sold her hair. She wanted to buy a gift for Jim.

Infinitive

1. People at school read books. They want to please their teacher.

2. We gain knowledge. We go to school.

3. He buys vegetables. He goes to market.

4. I shall never do it. I am determined.

In Spite of

1. The boy could not pass the examination. He was inattentive.

2. The weather is very rough. We cannot go out.

3. There was cold weather. They could not go out.

Today is our topic of discussion- Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction

Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction

ইংরেজি বাক্য গঠন করার সময় যেসব বিষয়ে শিক্ষার্থীরা ভুল করে থাকে তা ভালভাবে খেয়াল করা প্রয়োজন। ভুল হবার বিশেষ বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রগুলোর দিকে যদি আগে থেকে একটু মনোযোগ দেয়ার অভ্যাস থাকে তাহলে বাক্য গঠন করার সময় ভুল এড়ানো সম্ভব হয়। শিক্ষার্থীরা প্রধানত দুই ভাবে ভুল করে থাকে :

(i) Word-এর ব্যবহারজনিত ভুল

(II) বাক্যের গঠনরূপ বা structure জনিত ভুল ।

নিচে এ বিষয়ে বিশদ আলোচনা করা হল :

1.elther ও neither প্রত্যেকে দু’টির মধ্যে একটি বুঝায়, তবে either-এর পরিবর্তে। anyone এবং neither এর পরিবর্তে no one বা none বসে। যেমন- Inc. Either of the three boys will do. Cor: Anyone of the three boys will do. Inc: Neither of the three things will do. Cor: None of the three things will do.

 

 

2।কতগুলো Latin comparative degree-এর পূর্বে more বসে না এদের পরে than না হয়ে to Junior senior, inferior, superior etc. Inc. He is superior than Rahim.

Cor: He is superior to Rahim.

Inc. Alam is junior than him.

Cor: Alam is junior to him.

Inc. Bread is inferior than rice.

Cor: Bread is inferior to rice.

3।Complement দ্বারা কোন sentence গঠিত হলে এর পূর্বে কখনও as ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-

Inc: Karim was appointed as Headmaster.

Cor: Karim was appointed Headmaster.

Inc: They elected Kader as their captain.

Cor: They elected Kader their captain.

4.English

know verb- object, infinitive, infinitive-how

যেমন-

Inc: 1 know to swim.

Cor: I know how to swim.

Cor: 1 know swimming.

Inc: He knows to write.

Cor: He knows how to write.

Cor: He knows writing.

5. Present perfect tense-এর মধ্যে যদি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের কথা হলেখ থাকে তবে তা present perfect tense Past indefinite Tense.

Inc: The man has died at 2. p.m.

Cor: The man died at 2. p.m.

Inc: He has come here yesterday.

Cor: He came here yesterday.

6.মানুষের পরিবর্তে other ব্যবহৃত হয় কিন্তু কোন বস্তু বা স্থানের পরিবর্তে হয় না। যেমন-

Ine: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and others. Cor: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and other things.

7. এক জাতীয় বহু পদার্থের তুলনা করলে than-এর পরে all other বা any other বসাতে হয়। যেমন-
Inc: Kalidas was greater than all poets.
Cor: Kalidas was greater than all other poets.

8. Full যখন জন্য একটি word-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয় এখন শুধু শেষের L টি বাদ দিয়ে দিতে হয়। দমন-
Inc: The cow is a usefull animal.
Cor: The cow is a useful animal.

9. ইংরেজি বাক্যের ধর্ম অনুযায়ী একই বাক্যে double negative ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে না। তাছাড়া adverts গুলো নিজেরাই negative-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই আর নতুন করে negative করার দরকার নেই। (never, nobody, hardly, scarcely, no more, nothing, until, unless, not neither, seldom)

Inc: Don’t never make a noise in the class.

Cor: Never make a noise in the class. Inc: I did not see nobody in the field.

Cor: 1 saw nobody in the field.

10. যখন কোন sentence-এ মিনিট হলে- থাকে তখন ‘O’clock বসে না। মিনিট হলে O clock

Ine: I shall start by the 6-30 O’clock train.

Cor: I shall start by the 6-30 train

Inc: I shall start by the 5 train. Cor: I shall start by the 5 O’clock train.

11. ‘with’ বা দু’টি subject যুক্ত হলে with এর পূর্বের subject অনুযায়ী verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন- Inc: The president with all his advisers were present in the meeting. Cor: The president with all his advisers was present in the meeting.

12. সমজাতীয় একাধিক noun বা pronoun-কে যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত করে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে verb singular হয়। যেমন-

Ine Slow and steady win the race.. Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.

13. sentence- subject noun. pronoun- sentence এই noun, pronoun-এর verb-এর number 5 person বসাতে হয়। যেমন-

Inc A large number of boys was present in the class. Cor: A large number of boys were present in the class.

14. কোন বাক্যে একজন থাকলে তার জন্য positive degree, দুইজন থাকলে তার জন্য comparative degree এর অধিক হলে superlative degree Inc: He is a better student.

Cor: He is a good student.

Inc: Sumon is good than his brother. .

Cor: Sumon is better than his brother Inc: He is better boy in this class.

Cor: He is the best boy in this class..

15. Comparative degree -এর ক্ষেত্রে পূর্ববর্তী কোন noun-কে বোঝাতে পরবর্তী pronoun-এর সাথে ‘s’ যুক্ত হয়। যদি noun পূর্বে হলেখ না থাকে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে ” বসবে না। অর্থাৎ টা অর্থে হলে second person-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়। যেমন- Ine: His report is better than your. Cor: His report is better than yours.

16. সাধারণত সহোদর নয় এমন লোকদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে older এবং সহোদর ভাই/বোনদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে elder ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে বড় বোঝাতে superlative degree eldest ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে ছোট বোঝাতে yourger এবং সবচেয়ে ছোট বোঝাতে youngest ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-

Inc: He is our younger brother. Cor: He is the youngest brother of us.

17. In এবং after-এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে মনে রাখতে হবে যে, in म সম future tense এবং after সব সময় past tense-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

যেমন- Ine: They will answer after a month. Cor: They will answer in a month.

18. পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কযুক্ত conjunction relative conjunction এ ক্ষেত্রে সব সময় একই clause, parts of speech phrase: Inc: He is as famous like Browning. Cor: He is as famous as Browning.

 

 

19. very much এর ব্যবহার এর ক্ষেত্রে লক্ষণীয় যে, very সব সময় present participle পূর্বে এ much সব সময় past participle এর পূর্বে বসে। যেমন-
Inc: The story is much interesting. Cor: The story is very interesting.

20. fancy, wish, as though, as if, high time of past tense
Inc fancy that the tempest stops soon. Cor: I fancy that the tempest would stop soon.

21. each every noun qualified verb singular number হবে। যেমন-
Inc: Every gentleman and every lady are given prize. Cor: Every gentleman and every lady is given a prize.

22 same such এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে কিছু পার্থক্য দেখা যায়। same-এর পরে as এবং মাঝে মাঝে that বসে কিশত such-এর পরে সর্বদা as বসে। যেমন-

Inc: You lost the same book which I lost.

Cor: You lost the same book as I lost.

23. Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত adjective বা participle-কে আলাদা বা সম্পর্কহীন রাখা চলে না। যেমন- Ine: Though much depressed, there is still hope for her. Cor: Though she is much depressed, there is still hope for her.

24. of verb – see, feel, mind, love, hate, like, hope, resemble, cost, forget, consist, suffice, sound, sum, believe, smell, wish, know, prefer. doubt, possess, imagine, taste, fear, please, astonish, understand, belong প্রভৃতি verb-এর কখনো continuous tense হয় না। যেমন- Inc: I am seeing a bird.

Cor: I see a bird.

25. সংখার ধারণা বোঝাতে comparative-এ fewer এবং পরিমাপের ধারণা বোঝাতে less ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

যেমন- Inc: No less than four eggs were broken. Cor: No fewer than four eggs were broken.

26. যেমনটি person is a sentence-4 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4 fa person- তবে ভাগ কাজ অর্থাৎ positive কাজ বোঝাতে 231 – 2nd 3rd Ist person বসে এবং মন্দ বা negative কাজ বোঝালে 132 অর্থাৎ 1st, 3rd 2nd person বসে। যেমন-

Ine: 1, he and you have helped the victims. Cor: You, he and I have helped the victims.

Inc: You, he and I are to be blamed.

Cor: 1, he and you are to be blamed.

27. one of ব্যবহার করে কোন বৃহৎ অংশের কোন portion বা অংশ বোঝালে সেক্ষেত্রে পরের noun বা pronoun plural noun

Inc: One of the student was sick.

Cor: One of the students was sick.

28. একই noun বা pronoun অর্থাৎ একই subject যখন একই সাথে দুটি কাজ করবে বা দুটি গুণের অধিকারী হবে, শুধু তখনই ঐ দুই গুণ বা verb-এর সম্পর্ক স্থাপনে not only but also ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-

Inc: Not only he is a good student but also a good debater. Cor: He is not only a good student but also a good debater.

29. had better, had sooner, had rather sfs phrase sentence- FOTO পরবর্তী verb, principal verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-

Inc: We had better to leave this place. Cor: We had better leave this place.

30. f f f word to information, furniture, scenery, poetry, hair, machinery, off-spring ইত্যাদি সবসময় sentenced singular verb গ্রহণ করে। যেমন- Inc: The machinery imported from Japan work well.

Cor: The machinery imported from Japan works well.

31. Hardly, lest, until, unless, scarcely, none, nobody, no where negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। সুতরাং এগুলোর সাথে not, no, do not ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা ঠিক ন

Inc: I have not hardly any money. Cor: I have hardly any money.

নিম্নে কিছু উদাহরণ হলেখ করা হলঃ

 

Examples

In: She loves flowers.

Cor: She likes flowers.

Inc: She prides on her beauty.

Cor: She prides herself on her beauty.

Inc: The standard of their life is very high.

Cor: The standard of their living is very high.

Inc: She is neither seen to act or sing.

Cor: She is neither seen to act nor heard to sing.

Inc: She has given birth to a child.

Cor: She has begot a child.

Inc: Completing my work. I went out.

Cor: Having completed my work. I went out.

Inc: She is one of those who is not able to say no.

Cor: She cannot refuse.

Inc: One of our family members is invited there.

Cor: One of the members of our family is invited there.

Ine: My son is ill this week.

Cor: My son has been ill all this week.

Inc: She will combat with my view. Cor: She will oppose my view.

Inc: She is comparatively better today.

Cor: She is better today.

Inc: He will come just now.

Cor: He has come just now.

Inc: I have read a poetry.

Cor: I have read a piece of poetry.

Inc: Kamal is deaf of hearing.

Cor: Kamal is short of hearing or hard of hearing.

Inc: Bread and butter are my breakfast.

Cor: Bread and butter is my breakfast

Inc: He takes his meal there.

Cor: He takes his meals there.

Inc: Don’t loose your heart.

Cor: Don’t loose heart.

Cor: He is selected chairman .

Inc: Shortly this is what happened.

Cor: In short this is what happened.

Inc: Describe the incident in short.

Cor: Describe the incident in brief.

Inc: He is too strong to do this.

Cor: He is strong enough to do this.

Inc: 1 feel somewhat well.

Cor: I am pretty well.

Inc: Karim is somewhat tall for this age.

Cor: Karim is rather tall for this age.

Inc: You are hearing the sound.

Cor: You hear the sound.

Inc: He is waiting for a week.

Cor: He has been waiting for a week.

Inc: The party is comprised of ten man.

Cor: The party comprises ten man.

Inc: It is a true fact.

Cor: It is a fact.

Inc: So far I know he is an innocent.

Cor: So far as I know he is innocent.

Inc: The food was very tasteful.

Cor: The food was very tasty.

Inc: What name shall I call you?

Cor: By what name shall I call you?

Inc: None of us are perfect.

Cor: None of us is perfect.

Inc: Our teacher will not take the class today.

Cor: Our teacher will not hold the class today.

Inc: Airport is busy place.

Cor: Airport is a busy place.

Inc: Taking our seats, the game started.

Cor: While we were taking our seats, the game started.

Inc: When four years old. Paul’s father died.

Cor: While four years old. Paul’s father died.

Inc: Each of the actors made their entrance on time.

Cor: Each of the actors made his entrance in time.

Inc: Sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camels look very tiny.

Cor: While I was sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camel looked small.

Inc: Before I arrived, they had a serious quarrel.

Cor: Before I reached, they had a serious quarrel.

Inc: He rides on a horse.

Cor: He rides a horse.

Inc: Are you going to join in the meeting?

Cor: Are you going to join the meeting?

Inc: He is neither a poet nor dramatist.

Cor: He is neither a poet nor a dramatist. four years.

Inc: He is senior than you in

Cor: He is senior to you by four years.

Inc: You should refrain to smoke.

Cor: You should refrain from smoking.

Inc: He is quite in dark.

Cor: He is quite in the dark.

Inc: There is no place in the bench.

Cor: There is no room in the bench.

Inc My friend will come this day evening.

Cor: My friend will come this evening.

Inc Matin lives in a boarding.

Cor: Matin lives in a boarding house.

Inc: We shall discuss on the matter.

Cor: We shall discuss the matter.

Inc: He is fond of vegetable.

Cor: He is fond of vegetables.

Inc: See the word in the dictionary.

Cor: Look up the word in the dictionary.

Ine: Many a man were present there.

Cor: Many a man was present there.

Inc: He shook my hands.

Cor: He shook hands with me.

Inc: It’s a long time since we have met last.

Cor: It’s a long time since we met last.

Inc: This is the last but one question.

Cor: This is the last question but one.

Inc: My father is good in health.

Cor: My father is in good health.

Inc: We have not reached a final conclusion,

Cor: We have not reached a conclusion.

Inc: I have fewer than one hundred taka

Cor: I have less than one hundred taka.

Inc: He insists me to do this.

Cor: He insists on my doing this.

Inc: I cannot approve the proposal.

Cor: I cannot approve of the proposal.

Inc: He is resembling to his father.

Cor: He resembles his father.

Inc: She saw a bad dream last night.

Cor: She dreamt a bad dream last night.

Inc: I consider you as my brother.

Cor: I consider you my brother.

Inc: Open page seven.

Cor: Open at page seven.

Inc: One should perform his duties.

Cor: One should perform one’s duties.

Inc: She prefers to sing than to dance

Cor: She prefers singing to dancing.

Inc: He ordered for coffee.

Cor: He ordered coffee.

Inc: I will mend my pencil.

Cor: I will sharpen my pencil.

Inc: I am forbidden from going there.

Cor: I am forbidden to go there.

Ine: He has taken admission into college.

Cor: He has got admitted into college.

Inc: Slow and steady win the race.

Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.

Inc: I want the criminal to punish.

Cor: I want the criminal to be punished,

Inc: You cannot help to do this.

Cor: You cannot help doing this.

Inc: I have turned every stone to get a job.

Cor: I have left no stone unturned to get a job.

Inc: I will go out for a business.

Cor: I will go out for a piece of business,

Inc: I have no pen to write.

Cor: I have no pen to write with. Inc:

I will speak to the concerned officer.

Cor: I will speak to the officer concerned.

Inc: It is time we start our mission.

Cor: It is time we started our mission.

Inc: I was born in a village.

Cor: I was born in a village.

Inc: The clock has struck twelve hours.

Cor: The clock has struck twelve.

Inc: I wish I was a bird.

Cor: I wish I were a bird.

Inc The reason of his absence was due to illness.

Cor: His absence is due to illness.

Inc: He gave me thank.

Cor: He gave me thanks.

Inc: He talks as if he is mad.

Cor: He talks as if he were mad.

Inc: The director brainwashed the freshmen.

Cor: The director briefed the freshmen

Inc: They do not keep no records.

Cor: They keep no records.

Inc: I will not leave you go today.

Cor: I will not let you go today.

Inc: I could not hardly quit then.

Cor: I could hardly quit then.

Inc: He bought many furnitures.

Cor: He bought a lot of furniture,

Inc: This is a new discovery to us.

Cor: This is a discovery to us.

Inc: He said that he will support me.

Cor: He said that he would support me.

Inc: She says good English.

Cor: She speaks good English.

Inc: If you study regularly, you pass.

Cor: If you study regularly, you will pass in the examination.

Inc: Rekha has resigned from her post

Cor: Rekha has resigned her post

Inc: When one cannot swim you fear deep water.

Cor: The person who cannot swim fears deep water.

Inc: Rony was willing to pay the bill, and his purse was empty.

Cor: Rony was willing to pay the bill but his purse was empty.

Inc: A loud radio does not detract me when I am reading a good novel.

Cor: A loud radio does not distract me when I am reading a good novel.

Today is our topic of discussion- Prefix & Suffix, Synonyms and Antonyms

Prefix & Suffix, Synonyms and Antonyms

An addition to the beginning of a word is Prefix and an addition to the end is a Suffix.
শব্দের প্রথমে যা যোগ হয়, তাকে বলে Prefix (উপসর্গ)। শব্দের শেষে যা যোগ হয়, তাকে বলে Suffix (প্রত্যয়)।

1. Prefix.

Pre (before) fix = that which is fixed before a word in order to form a new word. (নূতন word গঠনের জন্য Prefix একটি word-এর পূর্বে বসে। সাধারণতঃ Prefix গুলি যদিও আলাদা word হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় না, তবু এদের প্রত্যেকটিরই একটি বিশিষ্ট অর্থ আছে। এগুলি অনেকটা বাংলা উপসর্গের মতো।)

 

 

 

 

 

Suffixes

Suffix (after) fts that which is fixed after a word. ( রেজা muffix একটি word-এর পরে বসে। Prefix গুদির আলাদা অর্থ থাকলে able, fold, full, less প্রভৃতি কয়েকটি suffix ছাড়া suffix গুলির নিজস্ব কোন অর্থ নেই। এগুলি যে শব্দের সঙ্গে যুক্ত হয়, তার অর্থ প্রার্থি প্রসারিত বা সঙ্কুচিত করে। এই ভাবে Sullix যোগে নুতন শব্দ গঠিত হয়। এই শব্দ Noun. Adjective, Verts বা Adverb হতে পারে। একটি বাংলা প্রভাষের মতো।

 

 

SYNONYMS

Synonyms न সমর্থক শব্দ English Language- করার জন্য শিক্ষার্থীদের সুবিধার জন্য কিছু Synonyms দেয়া হয় ।

Word

Absolute – চরম, শর্তহীন

Absurd অদ্ভূত

Adherent-অনুগত

Ambiguous-অনিশ্চিত

Ablution, অভিষেক

Abridge সংক্ষেপ করা

Adjacent – সংলগ্ন, নিকটবর্তী

Advocacy ওকালতি

Adultery-ব্যভিচার

Amiable-মনোরম, সৌজন্যপূর্ণ

Aggregate একত্র করা

Synonyms

Perfect সম্পূর্ণ

certain-নিশ্চিত

unconditional সার্বভৌম

Foolish-মূর্খ

stupid-নির্বোধ r

idiculous- হাস্যকর

Ally মিত্র

Supporter সমর্থক

defender রক্ষক

Vague-অস্পষ্ট

doubtful দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত

uncertain পরিবর্তনশীল

Purification-শোধন

washing-ধৌত

bathing- অবগাহন

Curtail-অংশ কেটে বাদ দেওয়া

compress ছোট করা

condense সংক্ষিপ্ত করা

abbreviate-সংক্ষিপ্ত করা

Close কাছাকাছি

adjoining- সন্নিহিত

near-

contigous- নিকটস্থ

Support সমর্থন defence- প্রতিরক্ষা

countenance অনুগ্রহ

Unchasteness- অসততা

infidelity বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা

Pleasant খোশমেজাজি

charming- মনোরম

kin – সদয়

benevolent সদাশয়

Collect – জান

gather একত্র করা

Accumulate- পুঞ্জিত করা

pile-সঞ্চিত করা

Word

Appetite ক্ষুধা, প্রবৃত্তি

Betray ছলনা করা, ফাঁস করা

Blithe-হাসিখুশি

Brisk. প্রাণবন্ত, কর্মর

Buxom হাসিখুশি নাদুসনুদুস

Blemish কলঙ্ক, বুটি

Burgher- নগরবাসী

Beneficial-লাভপ্রদ, সুবিধাজনক

Beg-ভিক্ষা করা, মিনতি করা

Bright আলোময়, বুদ্ধিমান

Busy বাস্তু নিরত

Battle, म

Synonyms

Hunger- ক্ষুধা

desire কামনা

liking পছন্দ

longing আকাঙ্ক্ষ

Decelve প্রতারণা করা

reveal প্রকাশ করা

ensnare ফাঁদে আটকানো

Joyous আনন্দপূর্ণ

merry- উল্লাসিত

gay- প্রাণচ

bright প্রফুল্ল

Alert সতর্ক

quick-

nimble চটপটে

active- fa

Hearty – স্বাস্থ্যবান

Jolly-প্রাণসত্ত্ব

gay-হাসিখুশি

blithe-

hearty সমাদর পূর্ণ

Stain-N

dishonour- অসম্মান

defect খুঁজে দোষ

Citizen – নাগরিক

bourgeois ব্যবসাদার

Profitable-লাভজনক

Salutary উপকার

salubrious স্বাস্থ্যকর

Entreat অনুরোধ করা

pray- প্রার্থনা করা

request অনুরোধ করা

Happy সুখী

lucid প্রাঞ্জল
-witty – বিচক্ষণ

Occupied. অধিকারভূক্ত

diligent অধ্যাবসায়ী

industrious পরিশ্রমী

Fight লড়াই

combat-

conflict সংঘাত

action-fam

Word

Blessing- আশীর্বাদ

Belief বিশ্বাস, আস্থা

Bear বহন করা

Casual সাময়িক, আকস্মিক

Conviction দৃঢ় বিশ্বাস

Conscious সচেতন

Courage সাহস

Credible-বিশ্বাসযোগ্য

Custom প্রথা, অভ্যাস

Childish-বালকসুলভ চপল

Confirm নিশ্চিত করা

Colleague সহকর্মী

Charming-মনোরম আকর্ষণীয়

Compassion করুণা

Synonyms

Thank কৃতজ্ঞতা

benediction- আশীর্বাদ

Faith ভরসা

trust আনুগত্য

reliance নির্ভরতা

Convey নিয়ে যাওয়া

carry- পৌঁছে দেওয়া

transport পরিবহন করা

support. ভারবহন করা

Incidental সম্ভাব্য

accidental- আকস্মিক

Assurance নিশ্চয়তা

belief- আস্থা

persuasion দৃঢ় প্রত্যয়

Aware- সতর্ক, অবগত

sensible- বিচক্ষণ

Bravery সাহস

valour – নিৰ্ভীকতা

boldness-

Trustworthy. নির্ভরযোগ্য

probable প্রামাণসাধ্য

Manner- রীতি

fashion- চলন

habit স্বভাব Silly- নিরীহ

gay- লঘুপ্রকৃতি

lively প্রাণবন্ত

Settle- স্থির করা

fix- দৃঢ় করা

strengthen- শক্তিশালী করা

Companion-

partner অংশীদার

ally-f

Fascinating মুগ্ধ করে এমন

helper- সাহায্যকারী

enchanting- মোহিত করে এমন

captivating- মনোহর

Sympathy- সহানুভূতি

condolence- শোক প্রকাশ

pardon-

Word

Charitable পরিহিতপরায়ন

Censure-নিন্দা করা

Cheerful প্রফুল্ল, হাশিখুশি

Calamity চরম দুর্দশা

Calim-দাবি করা।

Certain নিশ্চিত অবশ্যাম্ভাবী

Capability যোগ্যতা, সামর্থ্য

Confederate মৈত্রীবন্ধ

Candid- মনখোলা, অকপট

Chaos-বিশৃক্সখলা

Conceal গোপন করা

Contaminate সংক্রমিত করা

Counterfeit-

decry- নিন্দা করা, দোষ দেওয়া

Synonyms

Kind-

liberal উদার

beneficent হিতকর

Reprove- তিরস্কার করা

rebuke গালি দেওয়া

scold. ভৎর্সনা করা

Lively প্রাণবন্ত

blithe- হাসিখুশি

Joyous আনন্দপূর্ণ

happy সুখী

Misfortune দুর্ভাগা

mishap আকস্মিক দুর্ঘটনা

disaster চরম বিপর্যয়

Demand তলব করা

ask চাওয়া

right- স্থাপন করা

Absolute চরম

plain-

positive ইতিবাচক

Competency সক্ষমতা

ability যোগ্যতা

capacity- সামর্থ্য

Leagued সংঘবদ্ধ

united- একত্রিত

allied মৈত্রীবন্ধ

Frank সরল প্রাণ

sincere আরিক

Disorder- অরাজকতা

mess- ডালগোল

Hide লুকানো

cover আবৃত করা

Pollute- দূষিত করা

adulterate ভেজাল মিশান

Fake-fa

bogus- মিথ্যা, বাজে

Vilify- নিন্দা করা

condemn দোষ দেওয়া

abuse গালাগালি দেওয়া

Word

Diminish

Durable

Deter গাধা দেওয়া, নিসৃত করা

Deny প্রধান কা

Dusky-

Doubtful,

Disturb বাধা দে

Differ-fees.com

Debar বাধা দেওয়া

Desery – দেখতে পাওয়া

Dormant-

Dictate-নির্দেশ দেওয়ান

Daring- সাহসিক

 

 

Synonyms

Abate] काम

reduce-P

lessen গৌণ কর

Enduring- টেকসই

constant re

lasting-

Obstruct-or

stop-mo

prevent

Contradict item we
refute-

Cloudy or

dark-wom

dim-

obscure

Vacillating, w

irresolute-f

Trouble-f

worry-

Vary পরিবর্তিত

deviate-com

diverge.com

Deprive

prevent-T

deter বাধা দেয়া

Detect বের করা

mark if w

discover আবিষ্কার করা

Inert-

latent-

sleeping, yes Order o orust

command-w

direct from w Fearless-fre

brave-

bold [गानी

adventurous-of

ANTONYMS

[Opposite words-Re

Antonyms or opposite words may be formed in three ways.

[1] by adding prefixes like- un, non, dis, mis, anti, de, il, im, in, ir.

[2] by adding a suffix like-less.

(3) by using a new word.

(1) Antonyms formed by adding prefixes.

 

 

 

 

Today is our topic of discussion- Punctuation and Capitalization

Punctuation and Capitalization

আমরা কথা বলে বা লিখে মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করতে গিয়ে মাঝে মাঝে খামি বা বিরাম গ্রহণ করি। এ থামা বা বিরাম গ্রহণ করবার নির্দেশ দেয়ার জন্য যে সব চিহ্ন ব্যবহার করা হয় সেগুলিকে একসাথে Marks of Punctuation বা (বিরাম চিহ্ন) বলে। এসব বিরাম চিহ্ন সঠিক স্থানে সঠিক ব্যবহার করা না হলে অর্থবোধে অসুবিধা হয়। বিরাম চিহ্ন ছাড়া অর্থবোধই কঠিন হয়ে পড়ে।

নীচে প্রধান প্রধান বিরাম চিহ্নগুলি দেয়া হল :

1. Comma (

2. Full Stop (.)

3. Semicolon (:)

4. Colon (:)

5. Inverted Comma (“”)

6. Note of Interrogation (?)

7. Note of Exclamation (!)

8. Apostrophe (“)

9. Hyphen (-)

10. Dash (-)

 

1. Comma (.)

(1) একই জাতীয় কতকগুলি শব্দ একস্থানে পর পর বসলে সেগুলিকে পৃথক করতে Comma ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যথা- Alam, Abu and Amina are coming. I bought fish, vegetables, rice, sugar and ghee.

কিন্তু এক জাতীয় দুটি শব্দ একত্রে বসলে and দ্বারা যোগ করা হয় এবং Comma বসে না।
(11) Case in apposition কে Comma দিয়ে পৃথক করা হয়। Mr. Murshed, our Headmaster, is a good man.

iii) Case of Adress (সম্বোধন পদ )-কে Comma দিয়ে মূল Sentence হতে পৃথক করা হয়। Jalil, you may take this..

(iv) জোড়ায় জোড়ায় শব্দ ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রতি জোড়া বিচ্ছিন্ন করবার জন্য High and low, rich and
poor, wise and fool. (v) Absolute The sun having set, we started for home. Dinner being
over, the guests left the table. (vi) বাক্যের মধ্যে সন্নিবেশিত কোন Word বা Wards-কে বিচ্ছিন্ন করতে : I shall, however, help you. (vii) উদ্ধৃতির আগে যে Verb থাকে তার পরে Commna বসে : He said, “I shall help you.

2. Full Stop. (.)

(i) Assertive Optative Sentence- Full Stop PERIT-

(a) I am a boy.

(b) They went to Dhaka.

(c) He does not know me

(d) May you live long.
.
(e) God save the president.

(ii) কোন Word কোন লোকের, কোন বস্তুর বা কোন কিছুর নাম সংক্ষেপে লিখলে, সংক্ষেপে লেখা বর্ণগুলির

Full Stop পরে বসেঃ S. A. Wahab, B.A. Habib Khan, B.A. M.A.

3. Semi-Colon (:)

Sentence-এর দু’টি অংশের মধ্যে নিকট সম্পর্ক থাকলে ‘Semi-colon’ দিয়ে পৃথক করা হয়।

(a) Work hard; other wise you will fail.

(b) He was late for school; therefore, he missed a lesson.

4. Colon- (:)

(i) পূর্ববর্তী Sentence-এর বিষয়ে কোন প্রমাণ বা কারণ দেখাতে colon-এর ব্যবহার হয়। যেমনঃ

(a) I know him well: We lived together for five years. (b) He cried out: What a sad thing!

(ii) দৃষ্টাস্ত্তু উদাহরণ, ব্যাখ্যা ইত্যাদির আগে Colon বসে। Verbs are of two kinds Transitive and Intransitive.

 

 

5. Inverted Comma (“-“)

(Byfe fox)

কারো কথা অবিকল প্রকাশ করতে হলে তাকে Inverted Comma এর মধ্যে রাখতে হয়। যেমন

(a) Rahim said to me, “I shall meet you today.”

(b) I said to Karim, “I am glad to see you.”

6. Note of Interrogation-(?)

(প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন)

প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করা হলে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে Note of Interrogation ব্যবহৃত হয়ে
থাকে। যেমন

(a) Who are you ?

(b) Have you done this work?

7. Note of Exclamation (!)

(আবেগ সূচক চিহ্ন)

(1) যে Sentence হর্ষ, বিবাদ, বিস্ময়, প্রভৃতি মনের আবেগ বুঝায় (Exclamatory), তার শেষে note of
Exclamation বসে।

(a) What a fine picture! –

(b) What a sad news it is! West

(c) Exclamatory Sentence-R ON OT- (a) Alas! the baby is dead!

8. Apostrophe (“)

(1) Possessive Case বা সম্বন্ধ পদের পরে apostrophe সহ 5 বসে।

(a) This is a children’s park.

(b) It is my sister’s house.

(II) যোগ্যতা বোধক বর্ণের বহুবচনে । Apastrophe ব্যবহার করা হয়। B.A. S, MAS

(III) কোন Word-এ কোন বর্ণ বা বর্ণ সমষ্টি লুপ্ত হলে তা লেখতে Apostrophe ব্যবহার হয়।

(a) Don’t (do not) waste your time.

(b) I’ve (I have) a costly clock.

9. Hyphen (-)

(1) Compound ward গঠন করতে – hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয় ::

(a) My father-in-law is a wise man.

(b) The commander-in-chief of England.

 

 

10. Dash (-)

(i) চিন্তার বা ভাবের আকস্মিক পরিবর্তনে যথা ঃ If my father were alive – but why I pine for Past.

(11) ব্যাখ্যা দেওয়ার জন্য ব্যবহৃত শব্দসমূহকে পৃথক করতে যথা : I bought many things- pen, papers, books etc.

(III) বাক্যের অসংলগ্ন অংশ জুড়ে দিতে দুপাশে দু’টি Dash ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। যথা : All the boys-regular and irregular- have come.

Use of Capital Letters

(1) Sentence-এর প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter হয়। যেমনঃ

(a) He is a boy.

(b) The boy reads a book.”

11) আমি অর্থে। সব সময় Capital Letter-এর হ্যা

(a) He came and I went with him. (b) You, he and I am after all brothers.
(III) Allah এবং এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত সব Noun, Pronoun এবং Passive-এর প্রতি word এর প্রথম
বর্ণ [Capital Letter এর হয়

(a) Allah is our creater and He has given us every thing. (b) Pray to Allah (god) for His mercy.

(iv) Proper noun 5 Proper Adjective-এর প্রতি শব্দের প্রথম বর্ণ Capital Letter এর নয়।

(a) We like Bangladeshi goods.

(b) It is made of English wool.

(v) উপাধির প্রতি শব্দের বর্ণ কিংবা এদের জন্য সংক্ষেপে বর্ণগুলি Capital Letter এর হয়।

(a) He is a Bachelor of Arts. (b) Shahida is an M.A.

(vi) কোন প্রাণহীন বস্তুতে ব্যক্তিত্ব আরোপ করলে তার প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter এর হয়। যেমন

O. Death! I fear thee not.

(vii) উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের বা Inverted comma-এর মধ্যের বাক্যটির প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter:

(a) Arif say. “Man is mortal.”

(VIII) কবিতার প্রতি পংক্তির বা লাইনের প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম বর্ণ Capital Letter-এর হয়য়।

(a) Little Jack Homer.

(b) Sat in a corner.

(e) Eating his Christmas cake.

EXERCISE

1. প্রয়োজন মত Capital Letter ও Full stop বসাও।
Rahman is a good boy he goes to college everyday all love him he has many books some books are red some are green he has a fountain pen.

2. প্রয়োজন মত Capital letters এবং Note of Interrogation ব্যবহার কর
have you learnt your lesson have you done the home tasks when are you going to start for school may I accompany you have you any programme to play in the afternoon.

3. আবশ্যক মত Comma বসাও
Shimul Ruma Maknun and Rishat are sisters Asif my brother is very clever. Nahid Asif and Ahmed are going to the path. Mostofa come here.

4. বিরাম চিহ্ন বসিয়ে নিচের Sentence গুলো আবার লিখ Where are you going matin I am going to asif why are you going there he had written me to play football with I am willing to go with you Thanks I am grateful to you.

Today is our topic of discussion-Idiom and Phrase

Idiom and Phrase

নিল কিছু Idioms and Phrases-এর তালিকা শিক্ষার্থীদের সুবিধার জন্য দেয়া হল :

A B C (primary knowledge, the rudiments, N): He does not know even the A B C of commerce.

Above all (more than anything else. ): Sheikh Farid was above all a saint.

Above board (open, beyond reproach,): His dealings are fair and above board.

After all (in spite of all that has been said or done or expected, xe, b

9): His father is after all an honest man.

All at once (suddenly.

All at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils.

All but (almost, nearly, ): My friend is all but ruined.

All of a sudden or, All on a sudden (unexpectedly, f):

All of a sudden he fell into a ditch and broke his leg.

All in all (all powerful. The manager is all in all in the office.

All the same (the same is the result, f): It is all the same to me whether you go or not.

All over with (finished, (): It is all over with the patient now.

An open question (an undecided matter, f): It still remains an open question.

Apple of discord (subject of quarrel, ): This plot of land is the apple of discord between the two families.

ঠিক As it were (so to say, f): The moon is, as it were the lamp of the earth.

As usual (as it commonly happens, f): I went there as usual. At a loss (confusedly in competent, ff: I am at a loss to

decide how todeal with the matter.

At all events (in any case,): At all events we shall start for Khulna tomorrow.

At bottom (in essential character. Mr. Amin is at bottom a good man.

At daggers drawn (at enmity. F: They are at daggers drawn with each other.

At home in (very familiar with, ff, *: He is quite at home in English.

At last (it refers to time,): The prince came at last.

At the latest (not later than, : Be off from here on Monday at the
latest.

At least (at the lower estimate): He is not your superior, he is at least your equal.

At large (in general, at liberty,, : This was popular with the people at large.

At one’s finger-ends (be thoroughly familiar with, C): I have my lessons at my finger-ends.

At one’s disposal (under one’s control, f: I can give you a job for it is at my disposal.

At a stretch (without a break, ): I can run five kilometers at a stretch.

At the eleventh hour (at the last moment ): He came to the spot at the eleventh hour.

At all (): I am not happy at all.

At length (free): They discussed the matter at length.

At one’s door (C): There is somebody at your door. A good many : I have a good many things to do.

At any rate (C): I have decided to go at any rate.
English

As long as (*): Don’t go out as long as the rain continues.

A variety of fae): We read books for a variety of reasons.

Above all (f): He is sincere, hardworking and above all honest.

At stake (At endangered position): Nowadays the animals of the world are at
stake.

At large (Freely): The birds fly in the sky at large.

A man of letters (A learned person): A man of letters is respected everywhere.

At random (aimlessly): They walked at random.

B

By means of (by dint of, You can succeed in life only by means of hard
work.

Beggar description (to be indescribable): The miseries of our locals beggar description due to recent flood.

Bag and baggage (All belongings): The man left the house bag and baggage.

Birds of the same feather (Persons of the same group): Birds of the same feather flock together.

Bring to light (to be known): The secret matter of their family has been brought to light.

Blue blood (Aristocracy) : She is proud of her blue blood.

Burning question (important issue): Population problem in our country is a

burning question.

By the by (In reference to conversation): By the by, are you satisfied with your
wife?

By dint of (By means of): He succeeded in life by dint of perseverance.

Beyond dispute (undoubtedly): He is, beyond dispute, a great person in our
locality.

Black and white (In a written form): You should submit your appeal in black and white.

Bolt from the blue (lightning without cloud): The death news of his father came to me as a bolt from the blue.

Bone of contention (A matter of dispute) The occurrence is a bone of contention for our family.

Bread and butter (livelihood): She earns her bread and butter very hard.

By heart (To memorise): It is your responsibility to learn the lesson by heart.

By turns (Serially): Weal and woe come by turns.

By hook or by crook (at any cost): They will harm her by hook or by crook.

By leaps and bounds (at a rapid motion): The price of daily commodities is increasing by leaps and bounds.

Call in question (to doubt, ): His honesty cannot be called in question.

Call into play (to bring into action, : Adversity calls into play the best qualities of a man.

Call to account (to call for an explanation, fr: He was called to
account by his boss.

Call to mind (to remember. I cannot call to mind what you told me on the way.

Carry into effect (to execute,): This plan was carried into effect.

Carry the day (to win, He joined the debate and carried the day.

Carry weight (to exert influence, : The advice of the president always carries weight with the Ministry.

Chicken-hearted man (a coward.): He is a chicken hearted man Close-fisted man (a miser,): Nobody likes a close fisted man.

Cock and bull story (a foolish story, I have really no time to listen cock and bull story.

Come to light (to be known, f): The secret has come to light.

Come true (to be proved true, m: The rumour about his death
has come true.

Come to terms (to yield. He was compelled to come to terms with the enemy.

Come to a head (to supperate, c): The boil has come to a head.

Come to nothing (not to be put into effect. The scheme for the irrigation of this area came to nothing for many reasons. Crocodile tears (false. Or, pretended grief, He shed crocodile tears at
the death of his enemy.

Crying need (urgent necessary. 2): Primary education is the crying need of the country.

Come round (To be sound): She has come round from fever.

Cats and dogs (in torrents): It has been raining cats and dogs since morning.

Carry out (To abide by): It is your duty to carry out every order of office. Close to (adjacent to) Their shop is close to ours.

D

Do away with : We should do away with this bad practice.

Double game (f): I don’t like his double game. Day after day (free: She waited for him day after day

Draw up (*): He drew up the agreement.

F

Fall flat (no to be effective, e frases: His lecture falls fleat on the audience.

Fall foul of to quarrel, : He is in the habit of falling foul of every body.

Fall in with (to agree with, 48 : I cannot fall in with your views.

Fair and square honest and just. He was fair and square in all his dealings.

Fair weather friend (false friend, 4: Never trust a fair weather friend

Fall a prey to (to fall a victim to, em: The deer fell a prey to the

Fall short of (be inadequate, 58 ): Your work fall short of our expectation

Far and near or. Far and wide (all around, g): The news spread for and wide.

Few and far between (at wide intervals, 38, from In this part of the country houses are few and far between.

Fight shy of (to avoid, af: Why do you try to fight shy of your teacher?

Fire and fury (violent passion, som resem: The language of the speaker was full of fire and fury.

First and foremost (of the greatest Importance প্রথম ও সর্বাধিক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। The first and foremost duty of a student is to read.

Find fault with (complain about, He is always in the habit of finding fault with everybody.

Fish out of water (a person in an uncomfortable position, we fe afe): He feels like a fish out of water.

Flesh and blood (human nature, : These are things which flesh and blood cannot bear.

For the time being (for the present. Please stay here for the time being.

For the sake of (on account of, f): He suffered much for the sake of
his country.

For good (for ever. Seem: He left Bangladesh for good,

Fool’s paradise (happiness on vain hopes, w: You should not live in a Jool’s paradise.

From hand to mouth (very poor, ff: The peasants of Bangladesh live from hand to mouth.

From head to foot (whole body. *): He eyed the rogue from head to foot.

From pillar to post (hither and thither. এক আশ্রয় হতে অন্য আশ্রমের He was driven from pillar to post

Fresh blood (new and enthusiastic person. We want fresh blood in the field of politics.

Free and easy (unrestrained, x): His free and easy manner won the
hearts of all Far and away (in every sense, first: Rabindranath is far and away the greatest poet of the world.

From bad to worse (gradually going bad, The patient’s
condition is going from bad to worse.

G

Go back (e): He went back home.

Get in (c): The train got in five hours late. Get to []: How can I get to Sadar Ghat?

Give way to (RPM): Sometimes reason gives way to unreason.

Go across (Tim): We went across the river by boat.

Go ahead fee: Go ahead with your plan.

Go back to (cou): I went back to my work

Go one’s own way (fice 26: I have always preferred to go my our way.

Grow out of (we wen: The boy has grown out of the shirt.

Guilty conscience (: He suffers from a grailty conscience.

Get at (*1987): The box could not get at the grapes.

Get on with (9) How are you getting on with your studies?

Get up (*): I get up at 6 O’clock in the morning

Gift of the gab (en): He has gift of the gab

Give in : I will never give in to him.

Gain ground (ph): He could not gain ground.

Get rid of [7: I must get rid of this situation, Go in for : I shall go in for the examination.

Go through: I have gone through the book

Gala day (a day of festivity. : The 26th of march is a gala day for all Bangladeshis.

Get rid of (give up, yo: Get rid of this bad habit.

H

Hard times (times of difficulty, Poet Madhusudan was then passing through very hard times.

Hang fire (to remain undecided, ere: The matter has been hanging fire for some time. of

Hang in the balance (to be in suspense, so: The fate

the prisoner is still hanging in the balance.

Hole and corner (secret : I do not like his hole and comer policy Haunted house (a house supposed to be haunted by a ghost, 990 f: It is not

possible for us to live in a haunted house.

Hold water (to stand scruting, wet: His argument does not hold
water.

Hold good (to prove valid, : This policy will hold good in the long run

Hue and cry (up roar, (*): They raised a hue and cry at the sight of a thief, Hush money (money given as bribe to

husk up matter. The manager offered the police a large sum as hush money.

Hard and fast (fixed, em: There is no hard and fast rule in this matter.

Hang together (to be consistent with, fefeat: The two statements of the accused do not hang together

Heart and soul (earnestly, :: Alam is trying heart and soul to win the prize.

Head and tail (not a jat of sense, I couldn’t make head and tail of what he said.

High time (far advanced time, It is the high time and you can start

High and low (all classes of society, All men high and low will die.

Hard and fast (specific, fixed. There is no hard and fast rule in this matter.

I

In accordance with (according to, : My friend acted in accordance with
your advice.

In as much as (since. ): In as much as you are repentant, I pardon you this
time.

In a fix in a difficult situation.): I am in a fix and so I am in need of
your help.

In black and white (in writing, fee): I must have your statement in black and white.

In cold blood (deliberately, fire): The man was murdered in cold blood.

In case (II.): In case you fail, what will you do?

In defence of (in support of, to: The convict pleaded in defence of his conduct.

In the event of (in case, ) What will you do in the event of your father’s
death? In fine (in short, to sum up.

In fine: it was a piece of swindling.

In the face of (in opposition to, fe fecefe: He proceeded with this work all alone in the face of opposition from all quarters.

In full swing (in full force. The work is going on in full suning.

In good stead (be of specialise, WP): My father’s advice will stand you in good stead at all times.

In keeping with (consistent with: What does he is hardly in keeping
with what he says.

In lieu of (instead of, fc: Mamun took up English in lieu of Bengali.

In no time (soon): Our captain will come here in no time.

In spite of (notwithstanding. They went out in spite of the rain.

In the long run (ultimately): You will have to suffer in the long run for your conduct.

In a dilemma (don’t know what to do, danger in both side. 5): He was in a dilemma because both the men were his relatives.

In favour of (to support someone, to work for someone, PR, They canvassed in favour of my brother.

In good faith (with good and honest intent, fe: He told me every thing in good faith

In order to (for the purpose of doing something, We went there in order to met the man.

In the guise (garb) of (in disguise of, He told a great lie in the guise of
an interesting story.

In the wake (train) of (just after. The police came in the wake of the accident

J

Jack of all trades someone who can do several different jobs instead of
specializing in one. The precious boy is a jack of all trades and master of none.

K

Keep body and soul together (to keep alive, cepace of: This blind beggar has no means to keep body and soul together.

 

L

Look after (To take care of): It is our responsibility to look after our parents.

Look for (To find): What are you looking for?

Long for (To wish): She longs for getting educated.

Lose heart (To be disappointed): Do not lose heart at the sight of danger.

M

Maiden Speech (First lecture): That was her maiden speech

Make sure (To ensure): Make sure that your daily food consists of all the
important elements.

Make haste (To be hasty): Do not make haste while doing any work.

N

Null and void (to be cancelled): The law has been null and void.

O

Odds and ends (stray things. f Difese: Your brain is filled with all sorts of odds and ends

On the brink of Or, On the verge of (very near to, f): The gentle man is on the brink of nan

On behalf of (as representative of, ): Our captain will speak on behalf of our club

On the contrary (on the other hand, rather than, I do not hate you, on the contrary I like you.

Of course (naturally, vee) Kamal succeeded in life and was of course praised by all.

On the score of Or. On ground of (on account of : The clerk was dismissed on the score of his long absence from office

One and all (everyone and separately, ce: The jurors, one codd all declared him innocent.

Once in a while rarely.): My uncle comes to our house once in a while.

Once and again (frequently, effent, I warned him once and again not

to go out. Once for all (now and for the time, 6): He left his native land once for

all Off and on (occasionally, My friend comes here off and on

Of no avail (of no use, : My effort was of no avail

Of late (recently, fa): Of life Rahim has become very rich.

On the eve of (just before, eo: Mr. Dulal went to Dhaka on the eve of the puja vacation.

On pain of (subject to penalty of. The man was forced to sign

the document on pain of continued harassment.

On the point of (about to sf): The patient is now on the point of death.

On the look out for (looking for, 1): Samal is

on the look out for a job.

On the whole (generally speaking, ca): The boy’s conduct was on the whole good.

Open secret (secret known to all, ctOS TEXTOSCORE WAT): It is an open secret
that this police man takes bribes.

Out and out (fully.): Nazrul Islam was out and out a rebel poet.

Out of doors fin or into the open air, Boys were playing out of

doors.

Out of gear (out of order. : War and famine throw human society out of
year.

Out of pocket (a loser, He is out of pocket by transaction.

Out of date fold fashion, ): The practice is now out of date.

P

Pull up (179) (819): He cannot pull the stake up.

Pass through (s): He passed through Dhaka to reach Gazipur.

Prepared for (5) I am prepared for the consequence.

Pros and cons ofertes: I know the pros and cons of the plan.

Put down (): You should put down the matter

Put up with (5)): I cannot put up with this insult

R

Red letter day (Memorable day): 21st February is a red letter day in our
history.

Run after (): He ran after money.

Rule out (M): The police have ruled out the suicide.

S

Salt of the earth (persons with very high qualities, es fo: Men like
vedyasagar and Lincoln were the salt of the earth.

Sheet anchor (the final support, ww): Alexander the Great’s Indian
expedition is the sheet anchor of Indian chronology.

Sit on the fence (to remain neutral. S): The man who sits on the fence
is very often misunderstood.

Skin and bone (skeleton, -5): This disease has left my friend skin and
bone.

Slow coach (a person who is slow in action, (914): You should not depend on a slow couch like him in such an urgent matter.

Snake in the grass la secret foe, He suspects his friend, but is unconcerned about the snakes in the grass.

So to say or, so to speak (by the by, : The head clerk is so to say all in this office.

Square meal (full meal, 7): The poor in Bangladesh want only two square meals a day.

Stand to (to stick to, s) My friend will ever stand to his promise.

Sum and substance (summary. The sum and substance of his speech is
this.

Storm in a tea pot (to uproar about practically nothing, free She raised a storm in a tea pot over the loss of a handkerchief

Safe and sound (safe and whole or healthy, without any danger, 10: The fighter plane bombed on the target and returned safe and sound.

Sum and substance (Gist): I can’t understand the sum and substance of the
poem

T

Talk big (to boast, He talks big about himself.

Tall talk (high-sounding talk, We should not rely upon a person who
always indulges in tall talk

Take heart (to be encouraged, ones : Mukul took heart at his teacher’s words.

Take to heart (to mortify, we : Mr. Khan took the insult to heart.

Take a fancy to (to like,): I took a fancy to his stick.

Take into account or consideration (to regard, facebos farfage cam): While

teaching the boys a teacher should take their age into account.

Tell upon (to affect, f): His sleeplessness will tell upon his health.

The dogs of war (devastating activities, 1): Nadir Shah let loose the dogs of war on Delhi.

Through and through (completely. He is wet through and through.

The three R’s (elementary education, o far: The boy learns the three R’s at home.

To a fault (excessively, y): She is generous to a fault.

To the contrary (in opposition, face): He will come on Sunday unless you write him to the contrary.

To a T (nicely.): This new office suits me to a T.

Tooth and nail (desperately. They fought tooth and nail for their
right.

To the backbone (in the inmost being.): This boy is wicked to the backbone.

To the letter (strictly,): Halem followed my instructions to the letter.

Turn tail (to escape, to run away. At last the pak army turned tail from Bangladesh.

Throw cold water (discourage, f): Nobody should throw cold water on the efforts of children.

Ups and downs (Rise and fall) : There are ups and downs in one’s life.

W

Well off (Solvent): The condition of their family is well off.

Weal and woe (Happiness and sorrow): Weal and woe come by turns.

With a view to (In order to): He went to Dhaka with a view to doing the work. Worthy of (Qualified): She is worthy of getting the prize.

Without fail (Surely): He will come here without fail.

Today is our topic of discussion-Phrasal Verbs / Group Verbs

Phrasal Verbs / Group Verbs

কিছু কিছু Verb-এর সাথে Preposition বা Adverb যুক্ত হয়ে বিশিষ্টার্থ (Idiomatic Sense) প্রকাশ করে। যেমন- Cholera has broken out in this village-এই গ্রামে কলেরার প্রাদুর্ভাব ঘটেছে। এখানে break out একটি অর্থের একক, যার অর্থ প্রাদুর্ভাব হওয়া।

তাই break verb টি out preposition-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়ে সাধারণভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ না করে বিশেষ ভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করেছে। এভাবে কোন Verb যখন Preposition বা Adverb এর সাথে অবিচ্ছেদ্যভাবে যুক্ত হয়ে বিশিষ্টার্থ প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে Group Verb বলে।

নিম্নে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য বেশকিছু উদাহরণ দেয়া হলো

Bear with (*): How can I bear with such an insult?

Bear down (faqs): We bore down all oppositions on the question. Break down ((58 $): His health has broken down for overwork. Break with (7) I broke with him for his bad conduct.

Break out (1): Cholera has broken out in this village.

Break up (CM): Our college breaks up at 5 p.m.

Bring about(): This brought about change in him.

Bring forth (9): A lioness brings forth several cubs at a time.

Bring up (1992): The kind woman brought up the orphan boy.

Call at (2) I called at his office yesterday.

Call for (579) I called for his explanation.

Call in (C) I went to call in a doctor,

Call off (2) The strike was called off.

Call on ((): I called on him at his office,

Call up (***) I cannot call up his name.

Carry on (59): He carried on his business.

Carry out (***): He carried out my orders.

Come about (1) How has this come about?

Come across ((); I came across him on the way.

Come by (1): I am glad to come by your letter. Come of (*): He comes of a respectable family.

Come off ( xem): The ceremony comes off tonight.

Come out (245) The result will come out soon.

Come round (M): He fainted and soon came round. Come up to (i): The profit came up to my expectation.

Do away with (M): Do away with bad habits,

Do for (*): This job will not do for me. Do into (4): Do this passage into English.

Do up (CT** fo) Do up your dress.

Draw on (m): I drew on my bank balance.

Draw up (*): He drew up a petition.

Fall in with (da em): I cannot fall in with your views.

Fall out (f): Brothers should not fall out.

Fall to (6) As we were hungry, we fell to cating

Go in for (934 (98) I shall go in for the examination this year.

Go on (6): Go on with your work. Go out (mm): The lamp has gone out.

Get about (5): He is too weak to get about.

Get at ((): I tried to get at the truth.

Get on (5): I cannot get on without your help.

Get over (fox) I somehow get over the difficulty.

Get up (1): Try to get up early in the morning.

Give away (f) The Principal gave away the prizes.

Give in (f) I am the last man to give in.

Give off (9): The rose gives off a sweet smell.

Give up (3) Try to give up bad habits.

Hold on (C) I will hold on my plan.

Held out (8) He held out false hopes to me.

Hold over (): The meeting was held over for want of quorum.

Keep away (4) Keep away from bad habits.

Keep down (4) He could not keep down his passion.

Lay by () Lay by something from your income.

Lay down (4981): The Headmaster laid down rules for our conduct.

Lay out (1) He laid out a large sum of money in his daughter’s marriage.

Lay up (RING 5981): I was laid up with fever.

Look after ((*): He looks after his business.

Look at (3): Look at the map.

Look down upon (): Do not look down upon the poor.

Look for (*): We look for better days.

Look forward (8) Man looks forward for the impossible.

Look into (7): We shall look into the matter.

Look over() I shall look over these papers.

Look out for (): I am looking out for a good house. Look upon (4) I look upon you as my brother.

Look to (fre) I look to you for help.

Look up (3) Look up the word in the dictionary Make after (es): The police made after the thief.

Make for (fe): The ship made for the port.

Make out (2): I cannot make out the meaning of this poem.

Make over (*): He made over the charge of his office.

Make up (): I shall make up the loss.

Put by () Put by something from your Income.

Put down () Put down what I say.

Put off (3) Put off your shoes.

Put on (f): Put on your coat.

Put out (fo(): Put out the lamp.

Put up (*): Where do you put up in Dhaka?

Put up with(): I cannot put up with this insult.

Pass away (IG): The old man passed away last night.

Pass off(): The function passed off smoothly.

Pass over (s): We pass over to the next story.

Run after (PP): None should run after money.

Run at (1): The cat ran at the rat. Run into (e): Do not run into debt.

Run out ((**): The ink of my pen has run out.

Run over (5791951): The boy was run over by a car.

Run through (*): He ran through his wealth by gambling.

Set about (*): Let us set about the work now.

Set aside (f): The case was set aside by the judge.

Set in (m): The spring has set in.

Set off or out (3) I shall set off for Chittagong tomorrow. We shall set out on a journey.

Set on (ce (7): He set the dog on the boy.

Set up (1) I shall set up a shop in this town.

Set to (4) He set to work at the table.

Stand by(): He has agreed to stand by me.

Stand for (26): This mark stands for the name of the firm.

Take after (*): The son takes after his father.

Take down ((): Take down what I say.

Take for (63): I took him for an honest man.

Take ‘off (NT): Take off your shoes.

Take over (fr): The new Principal has taken over the charge.

Take up (2): 1 shall take up the work.

Take to (*): Do not take to smoking.

Turn into (4): Turn the passage into English.

Turn up (fene): The boy turned up in time.
Turn out (2): The dishonest servant was turned out from the house.

 

 

EXERCISE

Fill in the gaps :

1.Cholera has broken__ in this village.

2. His foolishness has his…… ruin.

3. We had to call a ……doctor.

4. I shall carry your…… orders.

5. We could not get the ……truth.

6.Great hopes were held to…… me.

7. I look …..you as my friend.

8. Put …..the lamp.

9. Children take…… their parents.

10. He has agreed to stand…… me..

 

Today is our topic of discussion-English Sentence

English Sentence

Sentence হল যথাযথ বিন্যাস অনুযায়ী সাজানো শব্দসমষ্টি যা পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। অন্যকথায়, কতকগুলো Word সুশৃক্মখলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে তবে তাকে Sentence বলে। নিচের উদাহরণগুলো লক্ষ্য কর ঃ

• Karim is a good boy. (করিম ভাল ছেলে)- কিছু বলা হল।

• Is Karim a good boy? (করিম কি ভাল ছেলে?) – কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হল।

• Never tell a lie. (কখনও মিথ্যা বলো না) উপদেশ দেয়া হল ।

● May Allah bless you. (আলাহ তোমার মঙ্গল করুন) প্রার্থনা করা হল।

How nice the bird is! (পাখিটি কি সুন্দর!) – বিস্ময় প্রকাশিত হল। সুতরাং দেখা যায়, মনের ভাব বিভিন্নভাবে প্রকাশ করা যায়। একেকটি ভাব প্রকাশের সময় বাক্যে শব্দগুচ্ছকে একেকভাবে সাজাতে হয়। এভাবেই সৃষ্টি হয়েছে বিভিন্ন প্রকারের বাক্য।

উপরের বাক্যগুলোর প্রথম বাক্যে বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে প্রশ্ন করা হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্যে উপদেশ দেয়া হয়েছে। চতুর্থ বাক্যে প্রার্থনা করা হয়েছে এবং পঞ্চম বাক্যে আবেগ প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে। অর্থ অনুসারে Sentence বা বাক্যকে মোট পাঁচ ভাগে বিভক্ত করা হয়। যেমন-

1. Assertive Sentence (বর্ণনা মূলক বাক্য

2. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)

3. Imperative Sentence (আদেশ / অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য)

4. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

5. Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য) উপরের এই পাঁচ প্রকারের Sentence নিয়ে এবার পৃথক পৃথক আলোচনা করা যাক।

 

1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE

(বর্ণনামূলক বাক্য)

যে Sentence কোন ঘটনাকে বর্ণনা করে বা স্বীকার করে তাকেই Assertive Sentence বলে। যেমন-

a. This is a cow. (এই একটি গরু)

b. Dina is singing a song. (দীনা একটি গান গাইতেছে)

c. It is the time to sleep now. (এখন ঘুমানোর সময়

উপরের বাক্যগুলো কোনো না কোন কিছুকে স্বীকার করছে, আবার বলা যায় কোনো ঘটনার বিবৃতি প্রদান করছে। তাই এগুলোকে বলা হয় Assertive Sentence.

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

(প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)

যে বাকা বা Sentence দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্ন বুঝায় অর্থাৎ, যে বাকা কোন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে অথবা কোন কিছু সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

নিয়ম হলো এই Interrogative Sentence-এর প্রথমে what (কি), wha (কে), whom (কাকে), which (কোনটি), why (কেন), when (কখন), How (কেমন ) ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন-

a. What is your name? (তোমার নাম কি?)

b. Who is there? (ওখানে কে?)

c. Which pen do you like? (কোন কলমটি তুমি পছন্দ কর?)

উপরের উদাহরণগুলোতে কোন কিছু সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখতে হবে, Interrogative Sentence এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বা Sign of Interrogation ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

(ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাক্য আদেশ (Order), নিষেধ, উপদেশ (Advice) এবং অনুরোধ (Request), নির্দেশ করে তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে। Imperative Sentence-এর অনেক সময় কর্তা বা Subject-কে বাক্যে দেখা যায় না। কর্তা উহ্য থাকে তবে উহা না থাকলেও তার অস্তিত্ব বোঝা যায়। যেমন-

a.Do it now (আদেশ) এটা এখনি কর ।

b. Do not run in the sun. (উপদেশ) রোদে ছুটাছুটি করো না।

c. Kindly lend me your pen. (অনুরোধ) দয়া করে তোমার কলমটা ধার দাও।

উপরের তিনটি বাক্যের মধ্যে প্রথম বাক্যে আদেশ, দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে উপদেশ এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে অনুরোধের কথা বলা হয়েছে, তাই এগুলো Imperative Sentences.

4. OPTATIVE SENTENCE

(ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাকা কোন কিছু কামনা (ইচ্ছা অর্থে) প্রার্থনা আশীর্বাদ নির্দেশ করে তাকে Optative sentence বলে। Optative sentnce গঠনের আগে May বসে।

a. May you be happy- (তুমি সুখী হও।)

b. May God bless you (ঈশ্বর তোমার মঙ্গল করুন।)

c. Long live our President (আমাদের প্রেসিডেন্ট দীর্ঘজীবী হোক।)

উপরের Sentence গুলোর কোনটির দ্বারা ইচ্ছা, কোনটির দ্বারা প্রার্থনা, আবার কোনটির দ্বারা আশীর্বাদ বুঝাচ্ছে, সুতরাং এর প্রতিটি Sentence এক একটি Optative Sentence.

5. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

(বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য)

যে Sentence বা বাকা মনের আকস্মিক অনুভূতিকে অর্থাৎ, আনন্দ, হঠাৎ দুঃখ, হঠাৎ বিস্ময় হঠাৎ ঘৃণা ইত্যাদি নির্দেশ করে তাকেই Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

a.What a nice bird it is (পাখিটি কি সুন্দর!)

b. Alas! my only brother is dead! (হায় আমার একমাত্র ভাইটি মারা গেলো।)

C. What a fool he is! (সে কি বোকার বোকা।) d. Fiel Fiel you are so dishonest! (ছি! ছি! তুমি একেবারে অসৎ।)

উপরে বাক্যগুলো Exclamatory-এর দৃষ্টান্ত্। যেহেতু উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে হঠাৎ আবেগ বা অনুভূতি প্রকাশ পেয়েছে। এই বাক্যে আবেগসূচক চিহ্নও ব্যবহার করতে হয়। উপরে পাঁচ রকমের sentence-ই আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। লক্ষ্য করলে দেখা যায় প্রত্যেকটি Sentence-কে আবার দুভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। এর একটি হলো স্বীকৃতিমূলক বা হাঁ সূচক এবং অপরটি হলো অস্বীকৃতিমূলক বা না-সূচক।

যেমন- I am reading. (আমি পড়ছি।) এটি হাঁ সূচক বাকা। একটি ঘটনাকে স্বীকার করে নেয়া হচ্ছে। কিন্তু এটাকে যদি এভাবে বলা হয়- I am not reading (আমি পড়ছি না।) এখানে ঘটনাটি অস্বীকার করা হচ্ছে।
এটি হলো না সূচক থাকা।

ইংরেজিতে হাঁ সূচক বাক্যকে বা Sentence-কে বলে Affirmative Sentence (হাঁ সূচক বাক্য) আর না সূচক বাক্য বা Sentence কে বলে Negative Sentence (না সূচক বাক্য)।

একটি বাক্যকে হাঁ সূচক থেকে না সূচক বাক্যে রূপায়িত করা যায় ইচ্ছা করলে। কিন্তু উপরের Sentence গুলোর মধ্যে একমাত্র Exclamatory বাকা ছাড়া আর সবগুলো Sentence কে রূপান্তর করা যায়। অর্থাৎ তাদের প্রত্যেকের দুটো করে রূপ আছে। যেমনঃ

a. Affirmative (হাঁ সূচক

b. Negative (না সূচক)

নিচে Affirmative Negative বাক্য দেখানো হলো।

1. Aff. He is a boy.

Neg. He is not a boy.

2. Aff. Sabina will be happy. Neg. Sabina will not be happy

3. Aff. You are intelligent,

Neg. You are not intelligent.

4.Aff. I have pens.

Neg. I have no pens.

5. Aff. They will work hard.

Neg. They will not work hard.

6.Aff. I had a red cow.

Neg. I had no red cow./I did not have a red cow.

7.Aff. They have a ball.

Neg. They have no ball/ They do not have a ball.

8.Aff. He has a box. Neg. He has not a box / He has no box.

9. Aff. I can read a book. Neg. I can not read a book.

10. Aff. We may go there.

Neg. We may not go there.

11. Aff You should do the work.

Neg. You should not do the work.

12.Aff. I must work for me.

Neg. I must not work for me.

13. Aff I play football everyday.

Neg. I do not play fooball everyday.

14. Aff. We eat rice.

Neg. We do not eat rice.

15. Aff. You should go there.

Neg. You should not go there..

অতএব, দেখা গেল Sentence-এর মধ্যে not, no, do not, does not এবং did not যোগ করে Affirmative Sentence – Negative Sentence-Negative Noun-এর আগে no এবং অন্যসব স্থানে not বসে।

Today is our topic of discussion-A Great Man’s Service

A Great Man’s Service

Let’s read

We will now read the story of Henri Dunant, the man who started the Red Cross Society in 1864. The main objective of the society was to help the wounded soldiers who were not being taken care of. We will know about the Red Corss Society.

Section: 1

Henri Dunant was quiet and polite. He was affectionately called “The Gentleman in White’.
No one paid much attention to a young Swiss gentleman who was travelling in Italy in 1859. His dress and behaviour showed that he belonged to a rich family. But something that happened in the midst of his tour changed young Henri Dunant.

Italy and France were at war with Austria. Henri Dunant came upon one of their battlefields at the end of a day of fighting. It was Solferino. For the first time in his life Dunant saw how heartless war could be. All round him lay suffering men, untended and left to die where they fell.

Henri Dunant went to work at once. Helped by several village women he formed an ambulance service. He set up headquarters in a little church not far away. He made use of anyone who came along. He himself helped to bind up the wounds of Frenchmen, Italians, and Austrians alike.

Someone asked Dunant why he cared for Italy’s enemies. His answer showed a spirit of humanity that was not common in those days. We are all brothers. A wounded enemy is an enemy no longer.”

With his groups of helpers, Dunant helped to save many lives. Water and medicine were brought. Mattresses of straw were smoothed so that the wounded could lie in comfort. Those who despaired were given hope. Prayers were said for the dying. The “Gentleman in White” (as Dunant was called because he wore a white suit) was thought of by hundreds of wounded men as an angel.

Read, Think and Answer I

Answer each of the following questions.

1. Who is called “the gentleman in white”?

2. Which were the countries fighting against Austria?

3. What role did the village women play in helping the wounded?

4. Where was the headquarters of the “ambulance service” set up?

 Read the statements and write “T” for true and “F” for fasle.

1. Solferino is in Italy.

2. Only Swiss people were called to help the wounded.

3. People did not pay much attention to Dunant because he was quiet.

4. Dunant started serving the wounded soldiers.

5. France and Italy were enemies.

C. Each statement is followed by four choices. Tick (the appropriate choice.

1. Dunant helped the wounded soldiers because they were:

a) French

c) Austrian

b) Italian

d) Human beings

2. Dunant was also called an angel because he :

a) helped others

c) treated others as brother

b) wore white suit

Section II

Henri Dunant could not forget what had happened at Solferino on the battlefield. The soldiers had been left to suffer, some of them to die, because no group of people had been ready to look after the wounded. The more he thought of it, the more he felt that something must be done.

He thought of a great organisation. It should be planned to include in it many nations. It should have everything needed to reduce human suffering, especially in time of war. It would do its work with the help of all countries.
Shortly the plan grew in his mind. Each detail grew clear.

All nations would support and share in such a great work of humanity. It must work under a sign that all would know its symbol would be a red cross against a white background.

One man alone could hardly hope to make this dream real. But Henri Dunant decided to do what he could. First of all he must reach the public. It must see the need for this great organization. To make the need clear he wrote truthfully of what he had seen at Solferino.

At the end of his account he suggested that an international relief society should be set up to care for the wounded.Dunant’s book. A Memory of Solferino, shocked its readers. They were shocked by the bloodshed he described.

They were shocked by the lack of care for the wounded. And they were startled to have the writer prove that many of the horrors he described did not have to be. All that was needed was a relief society ready to give first aid on the battlefield.

Read, Think and Answer II

Answer the following questions:

(a) What were the initial steps Dunant took to convince people to have an organisation to help the wounded?

(b) Draw the symbol, as described in para 9. What does white and red colour stand for in the symbol?

(c) Describe the impact of the book “A Memory of Solferino” on the public mind.

Section III

One of Dunant’s own countrymen was the first to act. Gustav Meunier, a wealthy lawyer in Geneva, had been greatly moved by the book. He chose Dunant and four others to form the Committee of Five. It was to look into the idea of an international society.

After some careful study, the committee invited all the nations of Europe to a meeting in Geneva. The meeting, held on October 26, 1863, was a success. Thirty six delegates from fourteen nations were present. Dunant’s suggestions were accepted. It was decided that a relief society should be formed in each country.

An international agreement called the Geneva Convention was made the following year. The nations of Europe approved the new organization. For the first time in history, they accepted wounded men as neutral: a wounded soldier would no longer be looked on as an enemy.

The nations that signed the Geneva Convention chose the red cross as the symbol for the international organization. At first the new society was given different names in different countries. Later it was everywhere called the Red Cross Society.

Until his death in 1910, at the age of eighty two, he was always ready to work for a noble cause. And when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded for the first time, in 1901, the honour went to Dunant. No man has deserved it more than the founder of the Red Cross.

Read, Think and Answer III

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words
Įnamed, assisted, awarded, explored, signed, invited, decided]

Gustav Munier….Dunant in his effort.

The Committee of Five…..the idea of an international society.
English

European nations were to Geneva…..Fourteen nations

to form a relief society……Geneva Convention was in the year 1864.

Initially the new society was noble prize in the year 1901.

Dunant was…….differently in different countries.

Let’s Learn Grammar

Read the following sentences carefully.

1. Dunant formed an ambulance service.

2. An ambulance service was formed by Dunant
In sentence 1 and 2 the work done is ‘forming’ but the same thing has been said in 2 ways. In sentence 1 the subject is ‘Dunant’. In sentence 2 the subject is ambulance service.

Sentence 1 is the Active Voice.

Sentence 2 is in the Passive Voice. In sentence 1 Dunant is the doer or subject and ambulance service is the
object.

In sentence 2 ambulance service is the subject and Dunant is the object, In

a passive sentence the verb is often followed ‘by.

Thus, to make a passive sentence you do the following.

i) exchange the position of subject and object

ii) use ‘by before the doer.

iii) make some change in the verb.

Exercise:

Read the following sentences carefully. Rewrite the sentences on the basis of what you have just learnt.
Mattresses of straw were smoothened by the nurses. Nurses smoothened mattresses of straw

a) Veena caught the thief red hand.

b) I can eat ten idles in a minute.

c) Someone took the wounded soldiers in an ambulance.

d) Doctors looked after the patients.

e) Nurses bandaged their wounds.

Increase Your Word Power

1. Different word combinations have different meanings. You must have come across the following word combinatiions or phrases in the lesson.

set up

care for

pay attention to

make use of

bind up

be shocked by

in the midst of

lack of

set up means-to start

e.g. He has set up a small business at Uttara.

Care for means to look after love.

e.g. Dunant cared for the wounded soldiers of the enemy.

Exercise

Match the following phrases given under A with their meanings

given

under B.

 

Let’s write

Read the following information about the ‘Red Cross Society’ given in points and then write a paragraph.
The Red Cross Society

i) Formed – 22 Aug 1864- choose symbol – red cross on white background-
named Red Cross Society in 1867.

ii) Began work – 1870-71 – War in Europe, looked after 5 million people.

iii) World War – 1-relief work – information agency started.

iv) World War-II- collected, issued 450.000 tones of relief supplies, spent large amount on prisoners, soldiers.

v) Today- branches all over the world- reminds people- respect every human being

vi) Junior Red Cross Society – formed 1922

Let’s talk

Talking about a past event

Read the following conversation with a partner.

Ripa: What a boring match!

Deepa : Yeah! I never expected Bangladesh to play so badly.

Ripa: Anything is possible with the Bangladeshi cricketers.

Deepa : You remember the last match where Bangladesh won by I run.

Ripa: That was a thriller, I enjoyed it thoroughly.

Deepa : I wish we could see some more games like that.
You have read a diologue where two people talk about a past event. Can you think of a similar conversation for the following situations?

Situations:

(a) You saw an accident on the road; share this with your friend.

(b) You had a boring visitor last evening. Tell your friend how the visitor bored you.

Today is our topic of discussion-Relation and Jealousy

Relation and Jealousy

Let’s read

We often find that two brothers or friends become jealous of each other. They become rivals sometimes. Let’s read the story about two brothers-Nasim and Rana and find out what happened to them. Nasim is narrating the fact.

Section: I

I was only a year and some months younger than Rana; we grew up, studied and played together. No distinction of elder and younger was made between us. But just about the time I am speaking of I began to realize that I was no companion for him, either in age, in interest or in ability.

It even seemed to me that Rana himself was aware of his superiority and was proud of it. This idea (it may have been a wrong one) was inspired by my vanity which suffered every time I came in contact with him. He was better than me in everything: at lessons, in arguments and in manners, and all this took me farther from him and caused me moral anguish which I could not understand.

When Rana was given tucked linen shirts for the first time I was unhappy for not having shirts like that. I am sure I would have felt happier if I was convinced that every time he arranged his collar it was not done to annoy me. What tormented me most was that it sometimes seemed to me Rana understood what was going on inside me but tried to hide it.

But perhaps my sensitiveness and tendency to analyse deceived me in this case. It may be Rana did not feel at all as I did. He was impulsive and his enthusiasm in different hobbies did not last long.

He would suddenly develop a passion for pictures, himself take up painting. spend all his money buying them and beg them of his drawing-master, of papa and of grandmamma. Then it would be a craze for curios to decorate his table, collecting them from every room in the house, or a mania for novels which he obtained on the sly and read all day and night.

I could not help being impressed by his hobbies but I was too proud to imitate him and too young and not independent enough to choose a hobby for myself. But there was nothing I envied so much as Rana’s happy large heartedness which showd itself most strikingly when we quarrelled. I always felt that he was behaving well but I could not do likewise.

Read, Think and Answer I

The two brothers were not much different in their age. But the younger brother says “I was no companion for him.”

1. Give two reasons why he felt?

2. What was the effect of this feeling on his relationship with his elder brother?

3. What action of Rana, the elder brother, irritated the younger brother most?

4. What two qualities of Rana have been highlighted by the author?

5. What were Rana’s hobbies?

Let’s Read

Let’s read further to find out how the two brothers pulled on inspite of difference of their temperament. Did they quarrel? Did they learn to tolerate each other?

Section II

Once when his passion for ornaments was at its height. I went up to his table and accidentally broke an empty brightly-coloured little scent-bottle.

“Who asked you to touch my things” demanded Rana coming into the room and seeing how I had upset the symmetry of the different treasures on his table. “And where is the scent bottle’. You must have…..”
“I knocked it over by accident and it broke. What does it matter?” “Do me the favour-never dare touch my things again”.

he siad. Putting the piece of the broken flask together and looking at them sorrowfully.
“And you please don’t issue orders”. I retorted, “That’s all” And I smiled, though I did not feel in the least like smiling. “Yes, it’s nothing to you but it does matter to me”, pursued Rana, jerking his shoulder, a gesture he had inherited from papa. “He goes and breaks it, and then laughs, the nasty little brat!”
“I’m a little brat; and you’re big but you’re stupid.”

“I am not going to quarrel with you.” said Rana, giving me a slight push. ‘Go away’.

“Don’t push!”

“Get away!”

“Don’t push, I tell you!”

Rana took my word and tried to drag me away from the table; but I was beside myself by now: I got hold of the leg of the table and tipped it over. “There now!” And all his china and glass ornaments crashed to the floor.

“You disgusting little boy!” Cried Rana, trying to save some of his falling treasures.

“Well, now it is all over between us.” I thought as I left the room. ‘We have quarrelled for good.”

Read, Think and Answer II

1.

(a) How did the qurrel between Rana and the narrator start?

(b) Was it an intentional act of the narrator?

2. How did Rana react to the narrator’s action?

3. What in the narrator’s behaviour, was annoying to Rana?

4. How did the narrator show his anger when Rana dragged him ?

5. Why did the narrator think that it was all over between them?

Let’s read

The two brothers quarrelled and the narrator parted with a feeling that it was all over between them. Did it happen like that? Did they quarrel forever? Let’s find out.

Section III

We did not speak to each other till evening. I felt myself in the wrong and was afraid to look at him and could not do anything all day. Rana on the contrary. did his lessons well, and after dinner talked and laughed with sisters as usual.

As soon as afternoon lessons were over I left the room. I was too scared, uncomfortable and ashamed to be alone with my brother. After our history lesson in the evening I took my exercise books and started towards the door. As I passed Rana, though I wanted to go up to him and make friends, I scowled and put on an angry expression.

At that moment Rana raised his head and, with a meaningful smile, looked me full in the face. Our eyes met and I knew that he understood me; but some irresistable feeling made me turn away.
“Nasim!” he said in a most natural voice without a scrap of pathos. “Don’t be cross anymore. Forgive me if I offended you.”

And he held out his hand.Something that came higher and higher seemed to be pressing my chest and stopping my breath but this only lasted a second; tears came to my eyes, and I felt better.
“Forgive…. me Rana,” I stammered, squeezing his hand. Rana looked at me as if he could not make out at all why there should be tears in my eyes.

Read, Think Answer III

Now answer the following questions.

1. How did Nasim feel after the day’s incident?

2. How was Rana’s reaction different from that of Nasim?

3. “I was too scared, uncomfortable and ashamed to be alone with my brother,’ says Nasim Why does he think so?

4. How did Rana show that he was keen to make friend with Nasim inspite of the day’s event?

5. What do the tears in Nasim’s eyes speak about his feelings?

6. What actions of Nasim show that he was sorry for all what he did that morning?

Overall Questions

After breaking his brother’s scent bottle or dropping various curios on Rana’s table. Nasim didn’t say ‘sorry’. It was because…

a) He thought he was not wrong.

b) He thought it was a petty matter.

c) He wasn’t large hearted like his brother.

2. Why did the elder brother ask his younger brother’s forgiveness? It is because……

a) He had a large heart unlike his younger brother.

b) He was really in the wrong.

c) He thought “to err is human and forgive is divine”.

d) He wanted to show his superiority.

e) He wanted to let down his brother.

Let’s Learn Grammar

Read the following sentences “I began to realize that I was no companion for him” (Rana). Break the sentences above as shown below

A 1 began to realize (what)

B. That I was no companion for him.” A&B are two parts of this sentence each part has a subject and a verb A1 Subject

# began….. Verb B. I Subject

(H) was verb

(i) These parts are called clauses, Le. each clause has a subject as well as a verb
(tv) Clause

(b) is joined with clause (a) with a conjunction, that’

(v) Clause (b) is not independent. It is a subordinate clause

(vi) It (clause (b) functions as a noun (object to the verb began to
realize). It is noun clause.

Exercise 1

Separate the clause that is dependent in the following sentences.

1. He (Rana) said to Nasim. “Don’t be cross any more. Forgive me if I offended you.” . “I knew that he understood me.”

2. “Rana looked at me as if he could not make out at all why there should be tears in my eyes.

II. Useful Expressions:

Re-read the following sentences to understand the meaning of the underlined expressions.

1. I did not feel in the least like smiling

2 I was beside myself by now.

3. I got hold of the leg of the table.

These expressions mean as under

1. in the least not all

2. beside myself: out of one’s own control (due to anger)

3 got hold of got the possession of These are idiomatic expressions.

Exercise:

Now use these expressions in the following sentences to convey theirmeaning.

1. The Manager said, Tm not prepared to change the rates

2 With great efforts I have been able to Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. the latest edition of the

3. When my younger brothers broke of my bicycle I was

Increase Your Word power

Abstract words

There are some words that very clearly describe our feelings or mental state. e.g. Aware, anguish, understand, happy, annoy torment.

Exercise 1.

From the text pick out a few more words that relate to the mind and
feeling.

Let’s talk

Read the following dialogue and note the use of expressions underlined.

Bithi: I’m sorry Shatht. I have lost your book of stories. I am really sorry..

Shathi: It’s alright. But don’t you think that you are a bit careless about other’s things?

Bithi: I’m afraid, you’re not right. I really can’t forgive myself. I’m not careless. I had kept it in my bag. My bag is missing. I guess, it’s not really my fault I’ll buy another book for you. Would it do?

Shathi: Never mind I’m sorry for what I said. Let’s forget it now. I have another story book.

Bahti: So nice of you.

The expressions underlined convey what we really feel on such occasions.

Exercise:

You have lost a friend’s cricket bat. Talk to him and express your feelings of regret. Use the dialogue given as a model.

Let’s write

At the end of the day Rana and Nasim became friends again. Nasim, the younger brother wrote a page in his diary to record his feelings about his brother’s behaviour. Read it
24 Sept. 9 pm

It was very strange to see Rana in my room after the day’s incident when I had broken most of his curtos, china and glass ornaments. I had thought it was all over between us. But he was unusually polite and apologetic. He said sorry.

At last he had forgiven me. I was moved by his behaviour. I too was moved. What had happened to me? I wonder. We were both changed persons.
Nasim.

Do you know how to write a diary?

Let’s try to write a diary. Before writing in a diary it is important to make notes as shown below:

Event – Date when?

What was the event?

Consequences

Who all were involved

Where did it happen?

Reactions/emotions of people

Exercise

1. Write a page of your diary recording your feelings when you had quarrelled with one of your friends and have tried to make friends again.

Today is our topic of discussion-A Mother’s Job

A Mother’s Job

Let’s read

Here is a story about Abdur Rahman. Let us read and find out more about him:

Section: 1

Abdur Rahman was very wise and witty man in the court of King Bahadur. King Bahadur was the ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom. Abdur Rahman was the court jester, and many stories are told about him.

One day, King Bahadur asked his courtiers, “You are wise and learned men. Tell me, which is the most difficult job in the world?” The courtiers had a ready asnwer. They said, “Your Majesty, everyone konws that the job of ruling the country is by far the most difficult job in the world.”

The king was pleased with their answer. But he noticed that Abdur Rahman was smiling to himself, as if he found this answer funny. The king asked him why he was smiling. “Perhaps you don’t agree with your friends that my job is the most difficult job in the world.

Is that why you are smiling?” Abdur Rahman said. “Your Majesty, I agree that it is difficult to rule a country well. But I don’t think that it is the most difficult job in the world. There is another job which is much more difficult.”

Read, Think and Answer I

Fill in the blanks:

(1) Abdur Rahman was a court

(ii) Abdur Rahman was and

(iii) King Bahadur wanted to know

(lv) said that to rule a kingdom was

(v) But Abdur Rahman said that he did not think

Let’s Read

Let us read and find out what Abdur Rahman felt was the most difficult job in the world.

Section II

“Tell us what that job is. Rahman” said the king. “A mother’s job,” said Rahman “It is much more difficult to keep a child happy than to look after a kingdom.” The whole court broke into loud laughter, and of course Rahman was asked to prove the truth of his words. So Rahman brought a woman and her young son to the king.

“Now ask the kind King for anything that you want,” he told the little boy. “An elephant,” said the little boy at once. An elephant was immediately brought for him. “Put him into my basket,” the boy said, “I want to take him home.” “But he won’t fit into your basket, son. He’ll come walking behind you when you go home.”

The little boy was stubborn. “I want him in my basket,” he said, “My friends won’t know that he is my elephant if I don’t take him home in my basket.” He started crying, and nothing that anyone said would make him change his mind. The king and his courtiers tried everything they could. But the boy just did not listen. He cried and cried. Then the mother said something to Rahman and he immediately sent for a toy elephant.

She turned to her son and said, “Look, my son. Here’s a small elephant which is much more beautiful ring a gold chain, and there is a golden umbrella on top of its head.

It has wheels so that you can pull it behind you wherever you go. It will fit easily into your basket. Tell the man to take away the big elephant- your basket will break if you put him in it, and you can’t take him to your friend’s house because he is so big.”

The boy stopped crying. The mahout led away the elephant, and the little boy and his mother went away happily. Then the king wiping the sweat from his brow, said, “Rahman, I agree that a
mother’s job is the most difficult job in the world.”

Read, Think and Answer II

Answer the following questions briefly :

(1) What according to Abdur Rahman was the most difficult job in the world?

(11) Who did Abdur Rahman bring to court?

(1) What did the little boy ask from the king? (

iv) Why did the boy start crying? Mention two reasons.

(v) What did the mother do?

Overall Questions

Answer following questions:

(1) What did King Bahadur ask his courtiers? Why did Abdur Rahman smile at their answer?

(2) How did King Bahadur learn that a mother’s job is the most difficulut job in the world?

Let’s Learn Grammar

You must have read these words in the text:

Wise, witty, stubborn They tell us more about a person. – a wise courtier, a stubborn child. They are called adjectives. Words which tell us more about a person, thing or place are called adjectives.Look at the following words. Use them to fill in the blanks below:

Beautiful, old, good, simple, handsome.Shamim is a boy. He has a sculptures. Sometimes he buys many life. friend. He likes flowers. He leads a very

Increase Your Word Power

Look at the following table. Words given under names go together. They belong to the same type.

 

Underline the odd one out from the words given below:

eg: Mohan, Lalit, Pencil, Reena.

(1) Pigeon, Peacock, Kabaddi, Sparrow

(ii) Cricket, Badminton, Football, Singing.

(iii) Rice, Bread, Cake, Swimming. (iv) Patuakhali, Comilla, Guitar, Natore.

Let’s Talk

Asking and Answering Questions

Practice the following dialogue with your friend. Friend: Where did you go to this morning?

You: I went to the market.

Friend: What did you do there?

You: I bought vegetables.

Friend: When did you come back?

You: I came back before noon.

Let’s Write

You must have seen pictures of elephants. Complete the description of an elephant. You can use the following words.

Legs, trunk, bananas, grey, tail, ears, tusks.

The elephant is a large animal. It is……in colour. It has four fat has a small….The elephant loves to eat…..It has a long in front. It has two but it has two big.