Tag Archives: English Reading and Writing Skills

English Reading and Writing Skills

Reading reports 2

Today is our topic of discussion Reading reports 2

Reading reports 2

Read the following report to answer the questions that follow.

In 1972, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated from the published statistics of 19 countries that there were as many as 500,000 cases of pesticide poisoning per year. In 1985, the later surveys were summarized as follows:

 

Fig : Pesticide spraying

“In 1977, based on notification from several governments and surveys of nine countries, WHO estimated that the number of deaths globally was about 20,640 a year. In 1981, OXFAM, updating the WHO figures, estimated that the number of world pesticide-related poisoning cases was around 750,000 a year.

More recently, the Economic and Social Commission of Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) suggested that pesticide poisoning accidents might amount to two million a year, of which 40,000 could be fatalities.”

WHO also states that “someone in the underdeveloped countries is poisoned by pesticides every minute”. The rate of pesticide poisoning in underdeveloped countries is 13 times greater than that in the USA, according to Virgil Freed, a consultant to the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

Pesticide poisoning is much more common in the Third World than in the industrial countries. This is not only because of the more brutal working conditions there, but also because of hazards of distributing any poison in societies where most people cannot read and have never had to learn the dangers of manmade chemicals.

 

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Questions:

1. What did the World Health Organization report in 1972 say about pesticide poisoning?

2. How did the 1972 report compare with the 1977 report?

3. What are the main points of difference between the OXFAM and ESCAP reports on pesticide poisoning?

4. Why is pesticide poisoning much more common in the Third World than in the industrial countries?

Study these words.

hazard (n) – danger

estimated (pt of estimate) – calculated

statistics (n pl) – collected numbers which represent facts

surveys (n pl) – If you carry out a survey or study, you try to find out detailed information about people, things, objects, organisations, etc.

notification (n) – written notice given to someone or some organisation

globally (adv) – in the whole world

update (v) – to make more up to date, more modern

amount to – to be equal to

 

 

fatalities (n pl) – accidental deaths

brutal (adj) – very hard; severe

 

Reading reports 1

Today is our topic of discussion Reading reports 1

Reading reports 1

 

 

Read the following report on the “Government plans for extensive sericulture cultivation in Chittagong Hill Tracts”, to answer the questions that follow.

The State Minister for Textiles, who stayed in the hill districts for three days last week, told BSS yesterday that the region has vast opportunities to generate alternative employment through cultivation of mulberry trees and cocoons.
The trees and the cocoons are needed to produce silk yarn. The leaves of the trees are the food of silkworms.

A silkworm produces a cocoon which is the case for its body. This cocoon or case produces silk yarn. The Minister said the weather is very congenial there and the growers are very enthusiastic to resume sericulture cultivation which they gave up earlier due to shortage of seeds and cocoons.

He said that the growing of cocoons and the cultivation of mulberries do not need huge capital, manpower and a long period. They do not even require extra land and round-the-clock care. He said a cocoon becomes full-bloomed within 23 days to produce silk yarn.

One cocoon can generate 6 to 7 hundred metres of silk yarn. The Sericulture Board is now trying to produce better-quality cocoon eggs, each of which can produce about 1000 metres of silk yarn. He said the Board would supply cocoons and mulberry trees to the growers there.

 

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Questions:

1. What are the two things that can be grown in the hill districts?

2. Why did the growers give up sericulture cultivation earlier?

3. Sericulture cultivation needs five things. But it does not need a lot of them. What are these five things?

4. What does a cocoon produce?

5. How can mulberry trees help produce silk yarn?

Study these words.

BSS (abbreviation of) Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (M ALDI); a news agency

generate (v) – to create; to produce

alternative (adj) – ‘Alternative’ is used to describe something that is different from the usual or traditional things of its kind, eg alternative health care, ……. alternative methods of travel, etc.

employment (n) – ‘Employment’ is the state of having a paid job. opp. ‘unemployment’

mulberry (n) – a tree with a dark purple fruit which can be eaten. Its leaves are the food of silkworms?

cocoon (n) – a protective case (egg-like) of silky threads in which a pupa (an insect in its inactive stage) is enclosed

 

Fig : A cocoon

yarn (n) – thread

congenial (adj) – pleasant; favourable

enthusiastic (adj) – greatly interested; showing strong feeling of likeness

resume (v) – to re-start; to begin again

 

Review and test

Today is our topic of discussion Review and test

Review and test

 

 

Fill in each gap with a word from the list. There are more words in the list than there are gaps in the passage. One word may be used in more than one gap

was, be, so, from, campus, of. I, leaves, read, among, visiting, where, as, just, the, fast, in, can’t, to, conditions, not, economist, clear, which, very, many, me “I wanted to learn the people. Chittagong University_2__ is located among villages. 3 I had the advantages. 4 could just walk out 5 the campus and be 6 the people in a 7 Bangladeshi village.

I started 8 the very poor people __9_ the village because that’s 10 the problem is: Why 11 they improve their living___12_? I kept on talking 13 them not as an 14, not as a teacher, 15 as a researcher but 16 as a human being. 17 a neighbour. Among the18 things I learned and 19… people I talked to,_20 woman’s story led me 21 a series of events 22 finally culminated into a 23 special kind of bank.”

Read the passage and answer the following questions.

There are two sources of flooding in Bangladesh during monsoon. Water deposited in the upper watershed outside Bangladesh is brought by the rivers and we have floods- big or small in the country. This destroys the standing crops, but it also brings silt and nutrients to the soil. The second source of flooding is rainfall within Bangladesh.

This water (the rain water and the water coming from outside) is not a problem by itself. The big problem is how fast this water can be drained off the land. To solve this problem, our people have, over the centuries, dug thousands of canals and built thousands of embankments. These canals must be re- excavated and these embankments reconstructed every few years during the dry season.

 

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Questions

1. Suggest a suitable title to the passage.

2. Describe the two sources of flooding.

3. What are the two things that usually happen as a result of flooding?

4. How can this problem of rain water and the water coming from outside the country be solved?

“Grameen Bank: Experiences and reflections” – a paper presented by Professor Muhammad Yunus at a seminar in Kuala Lumpur, September 1991.

“An Irrigation Programme for Bangladesh”- Robert H. Patten & Akhtar Hameed Khan, BARD Journal Vol IX No. 1 &2.

Look at the picture and read the description that follows.

 

Fig : A watering can

It is an irrigation implement. It is used to water gardens, lawns and small plots of land. A watering can is made of tin. It has a body that can contain 3 to 10 liters of water. It has a mouth with a cap. You can fill it up or put in it as much water as you wish. You carry it by its upper handle to the garden.

While you water the plants you hold the can by its side handle. The water comes through the supply tube as you lower its upper part. A rose is fitted to the upper part of the supply tube. It helps sprinkle water on the plants.

 

Reading descriptions 3

Today is our topic of discussion Reading descriptions 3

Reading descriptions 3

Look at the picture and read the passage.

 

Fig : A power tiller

A power tiller is a mechanised plough of 3 to 15 horsepower (HP). It has two wheels with a small supporting front wheel. It has two handles at the back. The clutch lever is fitted near a handle. A power tiller can use both rotating ploughs and tine ploughs. It can also be used to operate other agricultural implements like irrigation equipment.

Threshers, sprayers, etc. A trolley can be hooked to it to transport goods. With the help of a power tiller, the soil can be deeply ploughed and harrowed. Deep-rooted weeds can be destroyed by using tine ploughs. Power tillers are gaining popularity in Bangladesh. They are suitable especially for opening new lands and working in small areas.

It can plough more quickly than bullock-drawn wooden ploughs can. However, it has some disadvantages in our country, such as lack of repairing facilities, lack of skilled drivers, etc.

Study these words.

horsepower (n) – a measure of the power of an engine. It represents the force needed to pull 550 pounds one foot in one second.

clutch lever (n) – a pedal or shaft that you press before you change gear in a vehicle

tine (n) – the metal blade of a plough, also called a share

trolley (n) – a 2- or 4-wheeled carts, usually pushed by hand

 

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Read the text and look at the picture again and answer these questions.

1. Describe the parts of a power tiller.

2. What does a power tiller do?

3. Why is a power tiller getting popularity in Bangladesh?

4. What are the disadvantages of a power tiller in Bangladesh?

Rewrite the following passage in the passive form where possible.

A country plough is a traditional agricultural implement. Every village carpenter can make it. And you can buy a ploughshare from any village blacksmith. The carpenter first makes its body by shaping it out of a log. Then he shapes the upper end of the curved wood into a handle.

He then fixes a share to the top of the lower end of the body. Finally, he fixes a wooden beam to the body. Now it is ready for use in the field. A pair of bullocks draw the plough while the farmer holds the handle firmly. He can use the plough to break up and loosen the soil.

 

 

“A country plough has some advantages. You can easily carry it from one place to another. It is simple to make, easy to operate and is not expensive. But if you want to do some deep plouging and control deep-rooted weeds the country plough is not the right tool.

 

Reading descriptions 2

Today is our topic of discussion Reading descriptions 2

Reading descriptions 2

Look at the picture and write your answer to the question:

What can you see in the picture and where is it?

 

Fig : A homestead

Example I can see some banana trees on the west of the east-facing house.

Read the passage and answer the questions given after each paragraph.

A homestead is a home and the surrounding land occupied by a family. There is usually no space in a homestead for growing crops. However, the little space here and there, round or behind a house, at the back or on the corner of the yard.

around the edges or boundary of the homestead is used for the production of various crops, trees, plants, livestock and poultry. This production work is usually done by the women in the family.

Question:

Where can you find space in a homestead for growing crops?

Women generally grow vegetable crops like beans, pumpkins, snake gourds, sweet gourds, cucumber, puishak, etc and pan (betel) which are creepers and climb up roofs and trees. Sometimes a bamboo structure

 

Fig : Vegetables

is made in the yard or behind a house for these crops to climb up. Also vegetable crops like chilli, lalshak, lady’s finger, eggplants, etc. are grown here and there in the homestead.

Question:

Where do the creepers climb up?

A homestead forest is another example of homestead farming which every family, especially in the rural areas, is interested in. This includes planting or transplanting of trees which last much longer than the vegetable crops.

They also become large when fully grown. These are mango, jackfruit, coconut, lichi and similar other trees at various places on the homestead. They provide fuel, fodder, poles and fruits to the family.

Question:

Why are our rural people interested in homestead forestry?

Women also raise, and take care of, livestock and poultry in the homestead. They take special care of cows, goats, chickens, ducks and pigeons. They feed and vaccinate the animals and birds and often treat them like humans.

Question:

What role does a family play in raising livestock and poultry?

 

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Study these words.

surrounding (adj) – adjoining; around and near by. There was a great circus at the thana headquarters. People were coming from the surrounding villages to see the show.

occupied (v-passive) – held; taken. A house/a bed/a seat is occupied……..

edge (n) – the outer limit of an area. Don’t stand on the edge of the table.

creeper (n) – a plant with long stems that wind themselves around trees, bamboos, etc.

forestry (n) – skill of growing and taking care of trees

fuel (n) – material used for producing heat or power by burning. Wood, bamboos, coal, oil and gas are different
kinds of fuel.

fodder (n) – rough food for cattle or horses

livestock (n) – animals like cattle and sheep

poultry (n) – chickens, ducks and other birds kept for their meat and eggs

 

Reading descriptions 1

Today is our topic of discussion Reading descriptions 1

Reading descriptions 1

Look at the picture and read the passage.

 

Fig : A plant

A plant is a living body. It has different parts and cach part has a definite function. If one part is sick and cannot function properly, the whole plant is affected. However, you can cut off flowers and sick leaves or branches and the damage is temporary.

There are two basic parts of a plant: the root system and the shoot system. The main function of the root is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. The other main function of the root is to hold the plant firmly in the soil.
The shoot system has the stem, leaves, flowers and fruit. The stem supports the plant.

The other important function of the stem is to help water and minerals pass from the roots up to the leaves and flowers. The leaves make food for the plant by a process called photosynthesis. Sunlight falls on the leaves and as a result, water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air are converted into sugars which give energy to the plant.

 

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Study these words.

affected (adj) – attacked by a disease/pests

damage (n) – harm; loss

absorb (v) – soak; suck in

minerals (n) – A mineral is a substance such as salt, tin, coal, etc that is formed naturally in the soil.

photosynthesis (n) – This is a process by which green matter (chlorophyll) in leaves makes food for the plant) with the help of sunlight.

convert (v) – to change something into a different form

Read the passage again and answer these questions.

1. What are the main two functions of the root of a plant?

 

 

2. Describe the functions of the stem of a plant?

3. How is food produced in the leaves of a plant?

 

Reading narrations

Today is our topic of discussion Reading narrations

Reading narrations

 

 

Read the story to write answers to the following questions.

When my husband Halim died from a snakebite, my heart broke. I asked myself, “What am I going to do now?” I just could not think of anything. My neighbour Kalim did not waste any time. He came to express his condolences to me and advised me to sell my land.

“How can you irrigate your field yourself?” said he. “Also people are not good. They will steal your standing crop. However, I can help you. I can buy your land for a good price.”

I knew he wanted to grab my land. So I told him politely, “I have to think about it. Please give me some time.”
I thought and thought. I thought for a whole week. Then I went to the Grameen Bank and talked to a Grameen worker for quite a long time. And when I came out of the Bank, I was very happy.

Next day I talked to some of my neighbours who like me had little or no land but big problems. I told them how we could get loans from the Grameen Bank. “And the good news is,” I said, “we can get the loans without any collateral.”
“What’s that?” asked Kariman.

“Collateral is jamanat”, I explained. “It’s money or property which is used as a guarantee that a loan will be repayed. That is why only a person who has money or assets can take a loan from other banks. But we the poor – we don’t need any money or asset as a guarantee to take a loan from the Grameen Bank.”

The women were all smiles to hear that. So we formed a group of five and I was made chairperson. Then I told them how we all should immediately apply for loans. On a Friday we went to a Grameen Centre. There, a Grameen worker explained how we would have to utilise our loans in productive activities and how we should work as a team.

Our loans were granted. Kariman got the loan money first for raising some goats. Then Sharifa got the money for running her puffed- rice business. And I got my loan to buy a treadle pump.

 

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Questions

1. How did Majeda Begum feel when her husband died?

2. How did Kalim try to grab her land?

3. Majeda Begum was very happy after her meeting with a Grameen worker. Write the dialogue that you think was held between Majeda and the worker.

4. ‘We can get a loan from a Grameen Bank without collateral’. What does this statement mean?

5. Mention 10 productive activities including the 3 that have been mentioned in the text.

Study these words.

snakebite (n) – the bite of a poisonous snake

condolences (n) – expression of sympathy for someone whose friend or relative has died recently. We also send/ receive a message/ letter of condolence.

standing crop – crop that is in the field, not yet cut or harvested

grab (v) – to get something quickly, especially unfairly and for a selfish reason

collateral (n) – If you want to take a loan from a commercial bank you have to sign an agreement with the bank. And in that agreement you have to show proof that you have assets such as landed property, a factory or firm or money which is now invested in some business. And in case you fail to repay the loan the bank will have the right to claim your assets. Collateral means these assets.

all smiles (phrase) – puffed-rice If someone is all smiles, he or she looks very happy. muri or khoi which is prepared by frying rice or paddy on hot sand

Use v+how+n/pron and make a sentence with each of the following groups of words. Use past tenses.

1. He/tell her/he miss her while away from home. He told her how he had missed her while he was away from home.

2. They see the culprit/beat/by the mob

3. I/ask/Dr. Khan/he invent/the solar cooker

4. I not know/my land/make free from pests

 

 

5. You know/my brother study in England?

6. Rabeya narrate/her marriage a source of strength for her

 

Paragraph Writing

Today is our topic of discussion- Paragraph Writing

Paragraph Writing

Paragraph শব্দের অর্থ অনুচ্ছেদ। এটি ছোট আকারে একটি গদ্য রচনা যার মধ্যে একটি idea বর্ণিত হয়। যা নিজের মধ্যে স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ণ। এতে কেবল একটিমাত্র ভাব থাকে। Paragraph এর বাক্যগুলো এমনভাবে সাজাতে হয় যেন এদের মধ্য দিয়ে মূল ভাবটি প্রকাশ পায় এবং ধারাবাহিকতা বজায় থাকে। Paragraph আকারে খুব বেশি বড় করা যায় না, তবে ভাবের পরিপূর্ণতা বা বাক্যের মধ্যকার সামঞ্জস্যতা রক্ষার জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় বাকা থাকতে হয়।

Paragraph লেখার সময় বেশ কয়েকটি শর্ত অনুসরণ করতে হয়। যে কোন ভাল Paragraph এর চারটি গুণ
অবশ্যই থাকতে হয়।

১.Completeness বা অর্থের পরিপূর্ণতা

২. Unity of thought বা ভাবের ঐকা

৩. Order of presentation বা উপস্থাপনের ধারাবাহিক ঐক্য

8. Coherence বা সামঞ্জস্য বা বাক্যগুলোর অর্থের মধ্যকার সঙ্গতি।

Paragraph এর মূল idea কে বিকশিত করে তুলতে হলে প্রয়োজনীয় সকল তথ্য এতে থাকতে হবে। নইলে Paragraph হবে Incomplete. Paragraph এর tople idea develop করার জন্য যা লেখা প্রয়োজন তা অন্তর্ভুক্ত করতে হবে, কিন্তু এমন লেখা থাকবে না যা Paragraph টির মূল idea এর সাথে খাপ খায় না। এরূপ কোন অপ্রাসঙ্গিক বাক্য থাকলে Paragraph এর Unity বা ঐক্য নষ্ট হয়।

Paragraph এর মধ্যে কোন বাক্যের পর কোন বাক্য আসবে তার দিকে বিশেষ খেয়াল রাখতে হবে। ধারাবাহিকতা না থাকলে Paragraph ত্রুটিযুক্ত হয়ে পড়বে। এজন্য সময় ও স্থান বিষয়ক তথ্যের দিকে নজর রাখা দরকার। Paragraph এ একটি বাক্যের অর্থের সাথে অন্য বাক্যের অর্থের মধ্যে একটা সামঞ্জস্য থাকতে হবে।

এটি Paragraph-এর অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য। এ বৈশিষ্ট্যটির যথার্থ প্রকাশ যে কোন Paragraph কে আদর্শ মানে উন্নীত করতে পারে। একটি Paragraph কে তিনটি অংশে বিভক্ত করা যায় :

১. Paragraph-এর প্রথম বাক্যটিই Beginning অংশ নির্দেশ করে। উত্তম Paragraph এর জন্য এ অংশটি হতে হবে আকর্ষণীয়।

2. প্রথম Sentence এর পর থেকে শেষ Sentence এর আগ পর্যন্ত সমগ্র অংশকে বলা হয় Paragraph -এর Body। এতে সংযোজিত বাক্যগুলো Paragraph -এর মূল idea কে বিকশিত ও
উপস্থাপিত করে।

৩.Paragraph এর শেষ Sentence টিতে Paragraph এর মূলভাব প্রকাশের পরিপূর্ণতার সংকেত
দেয়। একটি সার্থক সমাপ্তিসূচক Sentence কে Terminator বলে।
Paragraph এর প্রথম Sentence কে আকর্ষণীয় করার জন্য কয়েকটি কৌশল অবলম্বন করা যায়

(ক) Topic Sentence ব্যবহার করে পুরো Paragraph এর মূল কথাটা প্রথম বাক্যে বলা যেতে পারে।

(খ) বিষয়বস্তু যদি কতগুলো ঘটনার তালিকা হয় তাহলে There are …… steps ….. এভাবে দেয়া যায়।

(গ) বিষয়বস্তু যদি অজ্ঞাত ঘটনার সমষ্টি হয় তাহলে এভাবেও লেখা যায় : There are a number of causes ]

of the populationof Bangladesh. Of them the following.

Paragraph এর Beginning Sentence যদি একটি specific statement বা বিশেষ বক্তব্য হয়। তাহলে মূল ভাবের সাথে সঙ্গতি

রেখে শেষ sentence টি তে একটি general sentence ব্যবহার করা যায়। আবার যে কোন একটি মতামত বা

সমাধানের মধ্য দিয়ে Paragraph শেষ করা যায়। নিচে কিছু Paragraphs নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হলো :

1. OUR COUNTRY

The name of our country is Bangladesh. It is a small low-lying country in the south Asia on the Bay of Bengal. Its total area is 1.47.570 sq. kilometers. She got her freedom on the 16th December in 1971. There are six seasons in our country. It has a tropical monsoon climate also, More than 14 crore people live here. Most of them are Muslims. The others are Hindus, Buddhists and Christians.

Bangladesh is a land of rivers. The Padma, the Meghna and the Jamuna are the main big rivers of the country. Jute, rice, tea, sugarcane, oilseeds, fruit, vegetables, spices, wheat, potato, tobacco and cotton are the main crops of the country. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people here.

We have some attractive tourist spots like Sonargaon Kuakata and Cox’s Bazar sea beach. Besides, the country has some world heritage sites such as the Sundarbans, the Shat Gombuj Mosque and the Buddhist Vihar. Our country is enriched with lots of natural resources. Infact it is a land of unique beauty. After all, the people of Bangladesh are very much peace-loving. I like my country very much. So, I am proud of my country.

 

 

2. THE NECESSITY OF LEARNING ENGLISH

English is called an international Language because it is widely spoken all over the world. Without English we cannot do in this modern world. We should learn English for a great variety of purposes. We need English to get good job, to go abroad, to pursue higher studies.

Most of the books on higher education of every branch of knowledge are written in English. To run the international trade and commerce English is very essential. Many international meetings are held

for various purposes now-a-days. To attend those meetings English is a must. Besides, international sports and tours require the knowledge of English. Every language has some rules. To learn those rules we should follow grammar. Our English textbook helps us to use English in our daily life.

Learning English is specially important for Bangladeshi because it can play an important role for the development of the country. Finally we can say that to become an active member of the global village we should learn English as an international language.

3. YOUR COLLEGE LIBRARY

The library, which belongs to every college, is called college library. Every college has a library. There is a library in our college. It is a part and parcel of our college life. It is situated in the main building of our college. There are various kinds of books in our college library.

They are storybooks, novels, biographical books and also rare kinds of reference books in a great number. I like it very much and when I get time. I go to library for reading. I take help from the library for one writing. I think that books are the best friends of man.

A library is a storehouse of books. So people like me should not waste time but go to library to read different kinds of books. I think that a library is an essential part for every college. So it should be enriched with different kinds of books. I should try to make the best use of it. In fact, I feel really proud of my college library.

4. YOUR DAILY LIFE

I am a student of B.A. first year. I want to do well in life. So I have a daily routine of work. I get up early in the morning and have a wash. I say my prayers and have my breakfast. Then I begin to learn my lessons and do my home task. At 9-30 a.m I bathe, eat my meals and go to college.

I sit in the first bench and listen to what my teachers say. I never make a noise in the class. The college is over at 2-30 pm. Then I return home direct. I take some tiffin and go to the field to play. I come back home before it is dark. I wash my hands and face. Then I sit to read my books. I have my supper at 9-30 pm. Then I go to bed.

 

 

5. YOUR FAVOURITE GAME

Football is my favourite game. I have a great attraction for it. I like this game for reasons more than one. It is an interesting outdoor game. It is played in an open field. It is not so costly as cricket. It is not so risky as hockey. It gives joy to hundreds of people. It is a good form of exercise.

It makes the players strong and healthy. It teaches players the lessons of team work, discipline and obedience.

6. STUDENTS AND SOCIAL SERVICE

Man is a social creature. The peace and happiness of each individual depends to a great extent upon what he gets from the other members of his society. So we are all indebted to one another. The students have an important role to play in this respect. A student is a future citizen.

He has duties to the society. Social service is a part of his study. He must first take an interest in his surroundings. He must fight against ignorance, superstition, insanitary conditions. He can help night schools and take part in health squads. A student must be ready to respond to the call of his country particularly in times of floods and famines. He

must train himself for national service in time of war. Training in social service will complete his academic education and make him a better citizen.

7. TENSION

Tension means mental, emotional and nervous strain. When a man feels tension, he becomes agreesive or unfriendly towards others. It may develop into conflict or a violence. According to the physicians, tension is the source of diseases. There is no man in the world without tension.

But overtension is harmful for health. It is a disease that has no cure normally. If a man wants to free from tension, he has to remain busy in various activities. An active and practical man never suffers from tension. He always avoid it by remaining himself busy in sports and pastime. Everyone should come out of this terrible disease.

8. THE FAMILY I LIVE IN

There are two types of family, one is nuclear and another is extended family. I live in a nuclear family. I like it very much. My family consists of five members. They are my father, mother, two brothers and myself. My father is a government employee who has been working in Bangladesh Bank for about fifteen years.

My mother is a housewife. Sumon, my elder brother has been studying in Dhaka University. He is a BBA student. My younger brother, suzon, reads in class nine. My father is the head of our family. He gives all instructions to run the family. Mother also assists him in various matters.

Our family is a happy one. We are very friendly. My parents give us company. They suggest us how to lead life. My father also teaches me. My mother loves me most. Both are affectionate to us. We follow their advice. A calm and pleasant atmosphere prevails in our family.

A family is considered an important institution. It is the place from where the important lessons are taught. It provides mental and psychological support which is necessary to lead our lives smoothly.

9. DOWRY

Dowry is a social curse. It can be an amount of money or property that a wife or her family must pay to her husband when they get married. It was the social custom in an ancient time. But at present dowry is the social curse for our society.

In this subcontinent more or less every family faces this snake. A poor family having a maiden faces a great problem due to dowry. They cannot arrange a marriage ceremony of their daughter for the demand of dowry by the father or the relatives of the bridegroom.

Generally the bridegroom’s sides take dowry and the brides are victims of it. If the parents of the bride cannot pay as per the demand, the wife is kicked out from her husband’s house by the relatives. Our young generation should be conscious and try to wipe out such a stupid system. We can do canvassing and make advertisement against this dowry system. By developing the mentality of our citizens, we can get rid of this vice.

10. MY FAVOURITE ENGLISH TEACHER

A teacher is a person who teaches his or her students and discovers their hidden treasures. I love almost all of my teachers. However, the name of my

favourite English teacher is Abdul Jalil. He is a Masters Degree holder in English Literature. He is also a BCS cadre. He presents the lessons in an excellent way. He has a soft, clear and gentle voice for which everybody can pay attention to his lecture.

He helps the backward students by offering them different instructive and constructive symbols, signs and examples. We have a friendly relationship with him. He behaves very well with us. He becomes very strict when we are out of control.

We always try to obey and respect him. He is also interested in co-curricular activities. He is the general secretary of our debating club and conducts different competitions related to this. His modesty. sincerity and generosity attract me much. I wish him safe and sound life.

11. RULES OF HEALTH

I know that sound health is the root of all happiness. So, I always try to follow the rules of health. Without following the rules of health, we can not lead a healthier and happier life. To remain sound I wake up early in the morning and do some exercise.

Balanced diet is greatly needed to remain hale and hearty. It is nothing but to take the right kinds of food in a proportionate way. As I want to keep my body fit, I have a balanced diet. Actually we have many kinds of food but all of them do not possess the same values and nutrition.

For our sound health we need six kinds of elements of food in a balanced way. The lack of one or more kinds causes imbalanced situation in our body. Therefore, balanced diet is necessary to keep good health.

12. TREE PLANTATION

Our presence in this world would be impossible without trees. We are totally dependent on trees for living on the earth. A moment without oxygen, which trees supply us, will surely blow out our light of life. Again we get our food and furniture from trees.

But we are cutting trees in such a large number that the country is going to be desert while the existence of us would be dangerous. So. the government of Bangladesh realizing the importance of trees celebrates tree planting week every year. It encourages all of us to plant more trees for our better future.

People nowadays are coming forward spontaneously for planting trees as they now realize the importance of trees. Many trees in the recent years have been planted on both sides of the highways, coastal areas and in the forests. We have to continue our tree planting programme. Otherwise, our atmosphere will be polluted with carbon-di-oxide. A tree is also a big saving thing for the next generation.

13. NEWSPAPER

Newspaper is a valuable gift of modern civilization. It brings us important news of home and abroad. It is a powerful instrument to mould future of a country. It creates public opinion. It helps to make government policy. It informs us of market prices.

Thus we can know everything of the world by reading it and sitting at home. News-paper should be impartial. When it gives impartial opinion, it is a great friend of the nation. So we should try for the development of the newspaper.

14. DANGERS OF SMOKING

Certainly smoking is a very bad habit. The dangers of smoking know no bounds. It harms one in various ways. One clasps a lot of incurable diseases like bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer and so on by smoking. And one being attacked by these diseases may go to the land of death.

A smoker hamrs not only himself but also others who are supposed to be non-smokers. When any smoker smokes cigarette, air gets polluted. And the non-smokers taking polluted air get harmed severely. However, I always avoid smoking and try to make others understand about the dangers of smoking.

But my elder brother is the chain-smoker. It is a matter of great anxiety for our family. I indirectly try to make my brother understand about the dangers of smoking. I hope, he will give up smoking in near future. However, as smoking is harmful to health, it should be banned in public places.

15. LOAD-SHEDDING

Load-shedding is not desirable. It is harmful to civilization. However, load means burden and shedding means minimizing. Therefore, load-shedding means the minimizing of burden of anything. Of late, in our country load- shedding in electricity is acutely felt and seen which makes our life intolerable and boring. Because of deficiency in electricity load shedding occurs.

Our country is densely populated. The storage of electricity is not sufficient to provide electricity with all. As a result, load-shedding in the country is seen frquently. Sometimes, it becomes very severe. Of course, the government tries its best to provide electricity with all.

It is imperative to mention here that load shedding in quick succession can bring breach of discipline in the country. So. the government must be conscious of this. Overall sense of duty and consciousness can play a vital role in stopping load-shedding. Besides, production of electricity should be increased to fulfil the demand.

16. PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Physical exercise is the movement of our limbs. It helps us to be sound physically and mentally. Without physical exercise we can not enjoy soundness of body as well as mind. It makes a man strong, active and keeps him free from disease. On the contrary, a man who does not take physical exercise is attacked by various deseases.

He can not have soundness of body as well as mind. So, all of us should take physical exercise regularly. There are various forms of physical exercise. All forms of exercise are not suitable for everybody. Those who are strong in body can take all forms of exercise.

But those who are weak in body can not take hard exercises. Because of the fact that the weak persons feel disinterested to take hard exercises. The weak and old persons can walk in the open air in the morning and in the evening. And thus they can be benefited. But over exercise is hamrful to body. If one takes over exercise, one can be affected severely. Therefore one needs to take exercise according to one’s bodily ability and capability.

17. MY BIRTHDAY PARTY

By birthday party I mean a celebration that is celebrated for one’s birth anniversary. I am eager to celebrate my birthday. By arranging a party 1 celebrated my last birth anniversary. My friends, kith and kin, well-wishers and many others were invited to my birthday party. About two hundred guests were

invited to the party. A special cake was ordered. At the appointed time the guests came to our residence. I received them cordially. When I cut the cake with a knife, all began to sing, “Happy birthday to you. It seemed to me that I was the main attraction of the party.

Pieces of cake, delicious food items like Khichuri, Payes, Pitha made by my mother were provided among the guests. The eating accompanied by a lot of gossiping and giggling went on. Cameras were begun to click on. After these, jokes were made. Then I said goodbye to my guests. After that 1 observed my birthday gifts and felt very happy. Truly speaking, the party was very enjoyable.

18. AIR POLLUTION

Air is the most important element of our environment. By inhaling and exhaling fresh air, we can survive on earth. So, it can be regarded as the life. But it also becomes a killer when it is polluted. And it is polluted in various ways and means. Especially it is polluted by smoke.

Man makes fire to cook food, makes bricks, mels tar for road construction and to do many other things. Fire creates smoke and pollutes the air. Railway engines and powerhouses creates smoke by burning coal and oil. Mills and factories also emit a lot of smoke.

Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel. These too emit smoke. All these kinds of smoke pollute the air. By inhaling polluted air, we suffer from various fatal diseases like bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer and so on. We may lose our existence being attacked by these fatal diseases.

So, it is our bounden responsibility to save air from pollution. Public awareness can be raised to decrease the production of all kinds of smoke. And then we can have an air pollution free environment.

19. MY FAVOURITE SPORTSMAN

I play different kinds of games and sports like cricket, football, badminton, handball and so on. Of all games, I like cricket most. So my favourite sportsman is from the cricket world. He is Ashraful Haq, the youngest player of Bangladesh Cricket Team. Infact.

I am his fan. He is a right-handed batsman. I like him for his outstanding performance and achievements. His batting style is excellent and attractive. He is not only a batsman but also a bowler and a good fielder. He has the records of acquiring century at his initial test match in the least tender age. He is regarded as a “run-machine”. He gives pleasure and gets pleasure in playing the game. Considering all sides, he is a good cricketer. I think a good future is waiting for him.

20. ARSENIC POLLUTION

At present arsenic pollution is an anxiety of Bangladesh. In chemistry, arsenic is referred to as a violently poisonous white compound of brittle element. Now this element is detected to be present in large quantities in the tube-well water of the many districts of Bangladesh.

It causes a kind of health hazard. Press reports on this matter are drawing attention of all classes of people to be aware of it and also to take all possible preventive measures. Drinking water polluted by arsenic causes many diseases like sores and stomachache troubles.

So, urgently it is needed to be checked and teach people how to get rid of it. At present, an antidote is discovered to purify water polluted by arsenic. Besides, the World Bank has agreed to extend all possible helps to mitigate the arsenic problem in our country. So the Govt. should take necessary steps to check the arsenic pollution.

21. A MOONLIT NIGHT

The night in which the moon shines brightly in the cloudless clear sky is generally known as moonlit night. A moonlit night is a remarkable occasion for a beauty seeker. It offers a very splendid and charming view. It is a night of exquisite beauty and joy.

In a moonlit night the moon looks like a disk of silver. The moon bathes the world with her silvery light. The sparking stars twinkle around the moon. Rivers, ocean, canals and ponds seem to laugh in the splendid moonlit night. The trees and creepers look bright in sparkling.

The flowers glitter in the garden like pearls. Birds come out of their nests and fly about. Beasts come out and run to and fro. People of all ages amuse themselves in a moonlight night.

They pass some hours in gossiping and telling story. It has a magical power of transporting us to a land of fairy and imagination. It arouses the poets of all languages to sing highly in a moonlight night. It loses the dullness of a night and thrills our hearts. It is a great pleasure and source of recreation for the people.

22. WATER POLLUTION

Water is a very important element of human environment. It is a liquid substance. It is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen. It is an essential element of nature because it saves all kinds of velw of the earth. Clean water is healthful but when it is polluted, it is very harmful.

It can be polluted in many ways. It is polluted by waste and filth. Water is polluted by using chemical fertilizers and various insecticides of the land. When milis and factories throw their waste products into rivers and cnals, water become polluted.

Again motor, launch, steamer pollute water by throwing oil. By drinking this polluted water, we often get sick and finally die. So we should prevent water pollution. Water can be purified by boiling it and using purified tablets. We cannot live without pure water. Above all, for a healthier and a happier life we should drink pure water.

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23. THE 21ST FEBRUARY

The 21st February is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. The Pakistani rulers wanted “Urdu will be the state language of Pakistan”. But it is impossible to establish in the constitution. The 21st Februrary is a martyr day of our country. Every year the nation remembers this day with due respect and solemnity.

On 17th November, 1999 the 21st February is dignified in the UNESCO conference. It is introduced to all as international Mother Language Day. About 188 states supported this proposal warmly. Every year all classes of people celebrate this day with honour.

They go to the Shaheed Minar and keep flowers at the altar of Shaheed Minar to show tribute to the martyrs. Thus the significance of the day is great for the people of Bangladesh. However, the people of Bangladesh can never forget the 21st February. As a citizen everybody should love his or her country and mother tongue.

24. MY FAVOURITE POET

I have read the poems of many Bengali poets. But Quazi Nazrul Islam is the most appealing to me. His poems, novels, stories, letters, songs and dramas have the greatest appeal to me. They inspire me with courage, hope and aspiration. I find my feelings and emotions expressed in his peoems, songs and other writings. So, he is my favourite poet.

He is the rebel and national poet of Bangladesh. He is one of the most famous poets of Bengali literature. When I go through his poem, I feel joy. Agnibina, Bisher Bashi, Jugabani, Rikter Bhadan etc. are my favourite readings, His works inspire all to fight against evils.

His works inspired us during our liberation struggle. For this, he is favourite with all. Nazrul was born at Churulta in the district of Burdwan on the 11 Jaistha in 1306 Bs. His restless spirit did not allow him to stay at particular place. In his young age, he was found at school one time, with a music party at another time and later on when he was student of class X, he joined the warfront as a soldier on the side of the Allies, during the First World War in 1914.

Nazrul was the first to write for the poor, the enslaved and the hungry. For this he suffered much. His writings direct us to the right goal of our life. He died in Dhaka on the 29th August in 1979 AD. He was laid to etemal rest beside Dhaka University Mosque.

25. VICTORY DAY

The 16th December is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. On this day. we won victory at the cost of a bloody battle of nine months. We celebrated the Victory Day’ in our college very gorgeously. Our teachers cordially helped us in the arrangement. On the 15th December, we decorated every corner of the college compound with green leaves, festoons and coloured papers.

Adequate seating arrangements were made for the teachers and students. Under the guidance of our physical instructor and some other teachers we fixed the items. We started the celebration by hoisting the national flag. Immediately after this, the march past took place and the principal of our college took the salute.

Then they sang the national anthem. We also arranged a discussion meeting and a cultural function. Both the teachers and the students took part in the discussion. Actually the day was very happy and enjoyable.

26. THE INDEPENDENCE DAY WE CELEBRATED

The 26th March is a red letter day in the history of Bangladesh. It is regarded as our Independence Day. On this day, we pay rich tributes to the memory of the martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of our independence. We celebrated the last Independence Day in our college very gorgeously.

Our teachers cordially helped us in the arrangements. On the 25th March, we decorated every corner of the college compound with green leaves, festoons and coloured papers. Adequate seating arrangements were made for the teachers and students. Under the guidence of our physical instructor and some other teachers, we fixed the items.

We started the celebration by hosting the national flag. Immediately after this the march past took place and the Principal of our college took the salute. Then they sang the national anthem. We also arranged a discussion meeting and a cultural function. Both the teachers and the students took part in the discussion. Actually the day was very happy and enjoyable.

English Translation

Today is our topic of discussion- English Translation

English Translation

প্রত্যেক ভাষার একটি বিশিষ্ট বাকভঙ্গী আছে। এক ভাষা হতে অন্য ভাষায় অনুবাদ বা Translation করার সময় সে বাভঙ্গীটি অনুসরণ করে চলতে হয়। শুধু অক্ষর সাজিয়ে দিলে অনুবাদ হয় বটে, কিন্তু তাতে মূল ভাবটি ব্যাহত হয়। বাংলা হতে ইংরেজিতে অনুবাদ করার সময় কিছু নিয়ম পালন করে চলতে হয়।

বাংলা বাক্যটিতে যে ভাব ব্যক্ত হয়েছে, ইংরেজিতেও সে ভাবটি যথাযথ প্রকাশ করতে হবে। ইংরেজি Sentence-এর গঠন ও শব্দ প্রয়োগ সে ভাষার ব্যাকরণের নিয়মানুসারে করতে হবে। বাংলাতে যে সব বিশেষণ বা সমাসবদ্ধ পদ থাকে, তাদের সঠিক ইংরেজি জানা না থাকলে প্রায় সে ভাবটি প্রকাশ করে, এরূপ শব্দ বা শব্দসমষ্টি ব্যবহার করবে অথবা তার অর্থ ধরে সরল ইংরেজিতে Translation করতে হবে।

শব্দটি একেবারে বাদ দিলে সমস্ত Sentence-টিই একেবারে অর্থহীন হতে পারে। প্রয়োজন হলে ভাবধারা অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে দুটি ছোট Sentence-কে যুক্ত করে অথবা একটি দীর্ঘ Sentence-কে বিভক্ত করেও Translation করা যেতে পারে। এতে ভুলের আশঙ্কা অল্প থাকে। অনুবাদ যাতে সরল ও প্রাণ হয় সে দিকে দৃষ্টি দিবে।

Tense-এর ব্যবহার সম্বন্ধে সর্বদা সতর্ক থাকবে। মূলকথা এই যে, Passage টি ভাল করে পড়ে সমগ্র ভাবটি বুঝতে চেষ্টা করবে। তারপর প্রতিটি শব্দ ও বাক্যের পূর্ণ তাৎপর্য বুঝে Translation করবে।

শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য নিচে কিছু Translation উদাহরণস্বরূপ দেখানো হলো :

1. হাজী মোহাম্মদ মহসীন হুগলী জেলায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি খুব দয়ালু ছিলেন। তিনি গরীর দিগকে বহু অর্থ দান করেন। ছাত্রদের জন্য তিনি বহু অর্থ ব্যয় করেন। তিনি জীবনে বিবাহ করেননি।

Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was born in the district of Hugli. He was very kind. He gifted much money to the poor. He spent much money for the students. He did not marry in his life.

 

 

2. ভোর হয়েছে। শীঘ্রই সূর্য উঠবে। পাখিরা কিচির মিচির করছে। কৃষকেরা মাঠে যাচ্ছে। আর ঘুমিও না। এখন উঠ। হাত মুখ ধৌত কর। খোদার কাছে প্রার্থনা কর। বই লও। পড়তে বস। আল্লাহ আমাদেরকে এ সুন্দর প্রভাত দিয়েছেন।

It is morning. The sun will rise soon. Birds are chirping. Farmers are going to the field. Do not sleep any more. Now get up. Wash your hands and face. Say your prayer to God. Take your book. Sit down to read. Allah has given us this fine morning.

3. মিথ্যা বলা মহা পাপ। মিথ্যাবাদীকে কেহ বিশ্বাস করেনা। সকলেই তাকে ঘৃনা করে। সে জীবনে সুখী হয় না। কখনো মিথ্যা বলোনা। সদা সত্য কথা বলবে। সত্যবাদীকে সবাই বিশ্বাস করে।

To tell a lie is a great sin. Nobody believes a liar. Every body hates him. He does not become happy in life. Never tell a lie Always speak the truth Every hody believes a truthful man.

4. পাখীরা আকাশে উড়ে। এদের ডানা আছে। পাখীরা গাছে বাসা বাঁধে। তারা স্বাধীনভাবে চলা ফেরা করে। তারা ফলমুল ও পোকামাকড় খায়। কোন কোন পাখী পানিতে সাঁতার কাটতে পারে। Birds fly in the sky.

They have wings. Birds build nest on Trees. They move freely. They eat fruits and insects. Some birds can swim in water.

5. এটা হাসানের পরিবার। তারা দু ভাই ও এক বোন হাসান, আরিফ ও সাবিনা। এদের আব্বা আম্মাও আছেন। আব্বার নাম মুহাম্মদ আলী। আম্মার নাম শাহানারা বেগম। তারা প্রত্যেকে কাজ করেন। মুহাম্মদ আলী একজন কৃষক, তিনি তার ক্ষেতে কাজ করেন। শাহানারা বেগম রান্না করেন। হাসান বাগানের দেখাশুনা করে।

This is Hasan’s family. They are two brothers and a sister Hasan, Arif and Sabina. They have parents also. Their father’s name is Muhammad Ali and the mother’s name is Shahanara Begum. Every one of them works. Muhammad Ali is farmer. He works in his field. Shahanara Begum cooks. Hasan looks after the garden.

6. এ আমাদের গ্রাম। গ্রামের নাম শাহপুর। এটা ছোট। মাত্র চারশ লোক এখানে বাস করে। গ্রামের মাঝখানে একটি বিদ্যালয় ও একটি ডাকঘর আছে। দক্ষিণ পার্শ্বে একটি ছোট বাজার আছে। সপ্তাহে দুদিন হাট বসে। হাটে অনেক লোক আসে। কেউ কেউ জিনিস বিক্রি করে।

This is our village. Its name is Shahpur. This is small. Only four hundred people live here. There are a school and a post office in the middle of the village. There is a little market in its south. The market does on two days in a week. Many people come here. Some people sell things.

 

 

7. এক ছিল রাজা। তার রাজ্য অনেক বড়। অনেক লোকজন। অনেক ধনসম্পদ। প্রজারা তাকে শ্রদ্ধা করত। রাজা তাদেরকে খুব ভালবাসতেন। কিন্তু তার একটা দুঃখ। কোন ছেলে নাই। তাই তিনি রাজ্য ত্যাগ করলেন। বনে চলে গেলেন। সেখানে তিনি কাঁদলেন লাগলেন। হঠাৎ সেখানে এক দরবেশ এলেন। তিনি রাজার কথা শুনলেন। দরবেশ তাকে বললেন বাড়ী যেতে। আরও বললেন, পরবর্তী বছর তার একটা ছেলে হবে।

There was a king. His kingdom was very big. He had many men. He had much riches and wealth. The subjects respected them. The king loved them very much. But he had a grief. He had no son. So, he left his kingdom. He went into a jungle. He began to cry there. Suddenly there came a darvish. He heard the saying of the king. The darvish told him to go home. Moreover, he said that a son would be born to him in the next year

৪. রাত পোহাল। ভোর হোল। সূর্য উঠছে। পাখীরা গান পাচ্ছে। ফুল ফুটেছে। ফুলে ফুলে মৌমাছি উড়ছে। আব্বা ঘুম থেকে উঠেছেন। আব্বা নামাজ পড়ছেন। মা চা তৈরী করছেন। আমিও ঘুম থেকে উঠেছি। হাত মুখ ধুয়েছি। এখন পড়তে বসব।

The night is over. It is dawn. The sun is rising. Birds are singing. Flowers have bloomed. Bees are flying from flower to flower. Father has got up from sleep. He is saying his prayer. Mother is making tea. I have also got up from bed. I have washed my hands and mouth. Now I shall sit down to read.

9. ছাগল গৃহপালিত জড়। ছাগল নানা বর্ণের হয়। এরা খুব কষ্ট সহ্য করতে পারে। ছাগল দলবদ্ধ হয়ে থাকতে ভালবাসে। তৃণ ও শসাযুক্ত স্থান পেলে সেখানে ওরা মনের সুখে চরতে থাকে। তৃণ, গাছের ছাল প্রভৃতি খেয়ে এরা জীবন ধারণ করে। শিক্ষা পেলে এরা নানা রকম ক্রীড়া-কৌতুক দেখাতে পারে। তিব্বত দেশে এক রকম ছাগল আছে। তারা বাণিজ্যদ্রব্য বহন করে। ছাগলের দুধ মিষ্ট ও পুষ্টিকর।

The goat is a domestic animal. Goats are of different colours. They can bear a lot of hardships. Goats like to live in flocks. If they find grassy meadows and corn- fields, they graze there cheerfully. They live on grass, barks of trees and other things. If they are trained, they can show various feats of sports. There is a kind of goat in Tibet. They carry commercial goods. The milk of the goat is sweet and nutritious.

10. এই আমার মা। আমার মায়ের মত আর কেউ নেই। তিনি আমাকে কত হে করেন। তিনি সর্বদা আমার যত্ন নেন। তিনি কখনও নিজের সুখ খোঁজেন না। আমাকে সুখী দেখলে তাঁর আনন্দ ধরে না। আমি অসুস্থ হলে মা বড়ই চিড়িত হন। আমি সুস্থ হলে তাঁর মুখে হাসি ফুটে। আল-হিকে ধন্যবাদ, তিনি আমাকে এমন মা নিয়েছেন। আমি তাকে ভালোবাসব ও তাঁর কথা শুনব।

This is my mother. There is none else like my mother. She is too affectionate to me. She always takes care of me. She never looks for her happiness. If she finds that I am happy, her joys know no bounds. If I fall ill, my mother becomes very anxious. If I get well, she puts on smile on her face. Thanks to Allah, He has given me such a mother. I shall love her and obey her.

11. আমাদের বাড়ির খুব নিকটেই নদী আছে। আমরা প্রত্যহ প্রাতে সন্ধ্যায় এর তীরে বেড়াতে যাই। নদীর উভয় পার্শ্বে সারি সারি গাছ রয়েছে। নদীর নিকটে প্রশড় মাঠ। মাঠে প্রতি বৎসর প্রচুর ধান জন্মে। তখন মাঠ সবুজ দেখায়। নদীর ধারে অনেক গো-মহিষাদি চরে। সূর্যোদয় ও সূর্যাস্তের সময় নদীটি সুন্দর দেখায়। নদীর শীতল ও বিশুদ্ধ বায়ু সেবন করলে স্বাস্থ্য ভাল থাকে।

There is a river very close to our house. Every morning and evening we go out for a walk by the river-side. There are rows of trees on both the banks of the river. There are wide fields near the river. Plenty of paddy grows in the field every year. Then the fields look green. Many cows and buffaloes graze by the river- side. The river looks beautiful at sunrise and sunset. If we inhale cool and fresh air of the river. we keep healthy..

12. হযরত আবদুল কাদের তখন ছিলেন বালক। তিনি বাগদাদে লেখা-পড়া শিখতে যাবেন। মা বললেন, “কখনও মিথ্যা কথা বলো না। বিপদে কখনও ভয় পেয়ো না।” বাগদান ছিল তাঁর বাড়ি থেকে বহুদূর। সওদাগারদের সাথে বালক পথ চলতে লাগলেন। পথে ডাকাতের ভয় ছিল। পাঁচদিন পরে তাঁদের দলে ডাকাত পড়ল। একজন ডাকাত বালককে ধরল। সর্দার বলল, “এর কাছে কিছু নেই। একে ছেড়ে দাও।” বালক বললেন, “না, না, আমার কাছে বিশটি মোহর আছে।”

Hazrat Abdul Kader was then a boy. He would go to Baghdad to study. Mother said, “Never tell a lie. Do not be afraid of danger.” Baghdad was far away from his house. He began to walk his way with some merchants. There were fears of robbers on the way. After five days their party was attacked by a gang of robbers. One of them caught hold of the boy. The leader said. “He has nothing with him. Let him go.” The boy said, “No, no, I have twenty gold coins with me.”

13. সেদিন আমি কলেজে যাচ্ছিলাম। আমার সাথে কয়েকজন সহপাঠী ছিল। হঠাৎ এক প্রছন্ড শব্দ শুনে আমরা পেছনে তাকালাম। দেখলাম একটি ছেলে গাড়ি চাপা পড়েছে। চারপাশে লোকজন চীৎকার করছে। ছেলেটির গায়ে ছেঁড়া জামা: পায়ে জুতা নেই। আমরা আহত ছেলেটিকে হাসপাতালে নিয়ে গেলাম।

That day I was going to college. I had several classmates with me. Suddenly hearing a loud sound, we looked back. We saw that a boy was run over by a car. People around were shouting. The boy had a torn shirt on and he had no shoes. We carried the wounded boy to the hospital.

14. মানুষের এমন কতকগুলো বিপদ আছে যা থেকে সমাজ তাকে রক্ষা করতে পারে না। মৃত্যু, শোক, নানা প্রকার নৈরাশ্য ও ব্যাধি চিরদিনই তাকে পীড়িত করেছে। এই সব বিপদ থেকে বাঁচতে হলে চাই আত্মবিশ্বাস ও আল্লাহর প্রতি একান্ত নির্ভরশীলতা।

Man finds some troubles from which society cannot save him. He has always suffered from death, sorrow, various kinds of disappointments and diseases etc. It is only self confidence and absolute reliance on Allah that can save him from troubles.

 

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15. একটি জিনিস আমি লক্ষ্য করেছি সেটি আমি বিচক্ষণ লোকের গোচরে আনতে চাই। ধনীর পরিশ্রমের ফল হল টাকা। সে ফল যদি কেউ জানীর হাতে তুলে দেয় তবে তিনি সেটা আনন্দের সাথে ধনীদের চেয়ে অনেক ভাল পথে কাজে লাগান।

I have observed one thing in particular which I would like to bring to the notice of learned people. The fruit of rich man’s labour are wealth. If these fruits are placed in the hands of the wise, they use them with great delight in far better ways than the rich.

16. দূরের পাহাড়গুলি ঘন নীল, যেন আকাশের নীল মেঘ খেলা করতে এসে পৃথিবীতে ধরা পড়েছে। আকাশে উড়বার জন্য যেন পাখা মেলেছে, কিন্তু বাধা আছে বলে উড়তে পারছে না- আকাশ থেকে তার স্বজাতীয় মেঘেরা এসে তার সাথে কোলাকুলি করে যাচ্ছে।

The hills in the distance are deep blue, as if the blue clouds that have come down to the earth to play, have been caught up there. It seems they have spread out their wings to fly in the air, but they can not move because of obstacle- so their fellow clouds are coming down from the sky to embrace them.

17. ধূমপান খুব ক্ষতিকর। এটি ব্যয়বহুলও। এটি পরিবেশকে দূষিত করে। যাঁরা ধূমপান করে তারা বেশি দিন বাঁচতে পারে না। ধুমপান করলে ক্যান্সার, হৃদরোগ ও শ্বাসযন্ত্রের রোগ হয়। তাই সবার ধূমপান বর্জন করা উচিত।

Smoking is very harmful. It is expensive too. It pollutes the environment. Those who smoke cannot live long. Smoking causes cancer, heart-attack and diseases of the respiratory organs. So everyone should give up smoking.

18. ইংরেজি ভাষা শেখা যে কত প্রয়োজন তা এখন আমরা পুরোপুরি উপলব্ধি করি। ইংরেজি না জানলে আমাদের মত একটি দেশ উন্নত দেশগুলির সাথে সমান তালে চলতে পারে না। আজকাল আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক ও ব্যবসা- বাণিজ্যের মাধ্যম ইংরেজি। পৃথিবীর জ্ঞান-বিজ্ঞানের পুস্তকের বেশির ভাগ লেখাই ইংরেজি ভাষায়। তাই যে জাতি ইংরেজিতে যত বেশি পারদর্শী সে জাতি সকল দিক থেকে তত বেশি উন্নত।

Now, we realize completely how necessary it is to learn English language. The country like ours cannot keep pace with other developed countries without knowing English.

Nowadays English is a medium of international affairs as well as trade and commerce. Most of the books of knowledge and science of the world are written in English. So, the nations, who are more expert in English, are more developed in all respects.

19. জীবন কি? এ প্রশ্নের জবাব অনেকেই দিতে পারবে না। অনেকে কিছুই বলতে পারবে না। অনেকে নানা উল্টা-পাল্টা কথা বলবে। আসলে মানুষ জীবন নিয়ে খুব কমই ভাবে। বুদ্ধিমান শিক্ষিত লোকেরা এর বাতিক্রম নয়। আশ্চার্য যে, মানুষ তার জীবনের সবচেয়ে বড় প্রশ্নটিকেই ভুলে থাকে। খুব কম মানুষই জীবনকে চেনে। নিজে নিজের কাছে অপরিচিত থেকে যায়। এভাবেই জীবন একদিন শেষ হয়ে যায়।

What is life? Many can not answer this question. Many can not say anything. Many will talk nonsense in different ways. Indeed, man thinks a little about life. The educated and intelligent are not exceptional to this. It is a matter of wonder that men are in oblivion about the greatest question of their lives. Very few people know about what is life. One remains unknown to oneself. In this way one day the life comes to an end.

20. আশাবিহীন জীবন নেই। সবার জীবনে কোন না কোন আশা থাকে। কেউ ডাক্তার হতে চায়, কেউ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার হতে চায় আবার কেউ বা বড় কর্মকর্তা হতে চায়। তবে বেশির ভাগেরই ইচ্ছা ধনী হওয়ার। হঠাৎ করে ধনী হবার জন্য আজকাল অনেকেই অসৎ পন্থা অবলম্বন করে।

There is no life without hope. Every man has some hopes in life. Some wants to be a doctor, some wants to be an engineer and others want to be high officials. But most of the people want to be rich. Now-a-days many people adopt unfair means to be rich rapidly.

21. গতকাল সন্ধ্যায় আমি আমার বন্ধুর বাড়ি গিয়েছিলাম। সে আমার বহু পুরাতন ও ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু। সে শহরের একটি বইয়ের দোকানের একজন সামান্য কর্মচারী। যখন আমি তার সাথে সাক্ষাৎ করতে গেলাম তখন সে একটি উপন্যাস পড়ছিল। সে আমার আমার কাছে বিদেশ যাওয়ার ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ করলো।

I went to my friend’s house last evening. He is a very old and close friend of mine. He is an ordinary employee in a book stall of town. When I went to meet him, he was reading a novel. He expressed his willingness to go abroad to me.

22. জয়নুল আবেদীন শিল্প ও কৃষ্টির জগতে একটি সুপরিচিত নাম। তিনি বাংলাদেশের বিখ্যাত চিত্রকর ছিলেন। তাঁর তুলিতে আঁকা ছবি আমাদের জীবনের দর্পণ। তিনি অনেক শিল্পীর শিক্ষাগুরু। ঢাকা আর্ট কলেজ তাঁরই অমর কীর্তির সাক্ষ্য বহন করে। তাঁকে জাতীয় অধ্যাপকরূপে সম্মানিত করা হয়। তিনি ২৮ মে, ১৯৭৬ ইং তারিখে শেষ নিঃশ্বাস ত্যাগ করেন।

Zainul Abedin is a well-known name in the realm of art and culture. He was a famous painter in Bangladesh. Pictures painted by him reflect the mood of our life. He was the master of many painters. Dhaka Art College bears the testimony of his immortal works. He was honoured by giving the status of National Professor. He breathed his last on 28th May, 1976.

23. ট্রেনের হুইসেল শোনা গেল। বন্দুকধারী সিপাইরা এক জায়গায় সারিবদ্ধ হয়ে দাঁড়াল। গাড়ি সশব্দে প-টিফর্মে ঢুকল । কোন যাত্রী যেন না নেমে পড়ে, তার বন্দোবস্তু আগে থেকে করা হয়েছে। সিপাইরা তাক করে বন্দুক উঁচু করল, কিন্তু গুলি ছুঁড়তে পারল না। সবাই দেখল একটা ভালুকের গলা ধরে একটি চার বছরের মেয়ে খেলা করছে। গুলি ছোঁড়া চলে না। এখন উপায়?

The whistle of the train was heard. The armed soldiers took their stand in a row at the spot. The train arrived at the station with its usual sound. It was so arranged before hand that no passenger was allowed to get down from the train.

The soldiers raised their guns with aims, but they could not fire. Everyone noticed that a four year aged girl was playing with a bear placing her hands round its neck. So firing was not possible. What was the next alternative?

24. মুঘল সম্রাট আওরঙ্গজেবের মামা শায়ের খান ১৬৬৪ সালে বাংলার শাসনকর্তা নিযুক্ত হলেন। তিনি একজন সুশাসক ছিলেন। তিনি অল্প দিনের মধ্যেই বাংলাদেশকে খাদ্যের অভাব হইতে মুক্ত করিয়াছিলেন। তখন চাউল অত্যড় সম্পন্ন ছিল। শায়েস্তা খানের আমলে বাংলাদেশে টাকায় আট মন চাউল পাওয়া যাইত। এই দেশের লোক তখন সুখে-শান্তিতে বাস করিত।

Saista Khan, who was the maternal uncle of the Mughal Emperor Aurongazeb was appointed a ruler of Bengal in 1664. He was a good administrator. He freed Bangladesh from the want of food in a short period. Rice was very cheap at that time. During his regime people could buy 5 maunds of rice at taka one. The people of this country lived happily and in peace at that period.

25. পদ্মা বাংলাদেশের বৃহত্তম নদী। কিন্তু এটি সাধারণ একটি নদীর চেয়ে অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, কারণ এটি শতাব্দীর পর শতাব্দী ধরে ব্যবসা বাণিজ্য এবং পণ্য পরিবহনের উন্নতি ঘটিয়েছে এবং দেশের অর্থনৈতিক, সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক অগ্রগতির সহায়ক হয়েছে। দুর্ভাগ্যক্রমে বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশের এই প্রধান নদী দুষিত হচ্ছে। পদ্মা দূষণ নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য আমাদের কর্মসূচী গ্রহণ করতে হবে।

The Padma is the largest river of Bangladesh. But it is more than a river for centuries because the Padma has promoted trade, commerce, transport and has helped the economic, social and cultural progress of the country. Unfortunately at present this major river in Bangladesh is being polluted. We have to take. programme for controlling the pollution of the Padma.

26. ফুল কে না ভালবাসে? ফুল হল পবিত্রতার প্রতীক। যে ফুলকে ভালবাসে না, সে কাউকে ভালবাসতে পারে। না। গোলাপের সুবাস আর সৌন্দর্য আমাদেরকে মুগ্ধ করে। এখন আমাদের দেশে ফুল প্রদর্শনী মেলা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ফুল কিনতে পাওয়া যায় ।

Who does not love a flower? A flower is the symbol of purity. He who does not like a flower, cannot love anybody. The sweet scent and beauty of the rose charm us. Now-a-days flower exhibitions are held in our country. Flowers are available for purchase.

27. আমাদের দেশের পূর্বে অবস্থিত জাপান এশিয়ার সর্বোন্নত দেশ। সর্বপ্রথম সূর্যোদয় হবার কারণে জাপানকে বলা হয় সূর্যোদয়ের দেশ। এ দেশের ছেলেমেয়েরা ঘুড়ি উড়াতে দারুণ ভালবাসে। নৌকা চালানো এবং সাতার কাটাও ওদের নিয়মিত সখ। ওরা সর্বান্তকরণে বড়দের সম্মান করে আর সমবয়সীদের ভালবাসে।

Japan, the most prosperous country in Asia, is situated to the east of our land. It is called the land of the rising sun since the sun is first seen from this land. The children of this land are very much fond of flying kites. Swimming and boat- race are also their regular hobbies. They pay due respect to the elders and show love to all of their own age.

28. রতন কোন কথা বলল না। নীরবে কাঁদতে লাগল। আমি তার দিকে চাইলাম। তার বয়স দশ । মাতা-পিতা নেই। দু’বছর পূর্বে বাড়ি ত্যাগ করেছিল। তখন হতে আমার কাছেই আছে। আজ সকালে আমার স্ত্রী তাকে বকুনি দিয়েছে। তাতেই সে মনে আঘাত পেয়েছে। তাই আমার কাছে দাঁড়িয়ে তার এই নীরব কান্না। কিন্তু সে কোন অভিযোগ করল না।

Ratan spoke no more. He went on weeping silently. I looked at him. He was ten years old and an orphan. He left home two years ago. Since then he has been staying with me. My wife has scolded him this morning. The scolding cut him to the quick. So he was weeping silently standing beside me. But he did not make any complaint.

29. ছাত্রদের নিজস্ব কর্তব্য আছে। নিজেদের প্রতি, পিতামাতার প্রতি, জ্ঞীয়-স্বজনের প্রতি, দেশের প্রতি এবং সামগ্রিকভাবে সমাজের প্রতি তাদের কর্তব্য আছে। ছাত্রজীবন হলো জীবনের বীজবপনের সময়। সেজন্য একজন ছাত্রের উচিত তার স্বাস্থ্য গঠন করা, ভালো অভ্যাস গড়ে তোলা এবং ভালো ব্যবহার করা। জীবনে ভালো এবং বড়ো হওয়ার নিশ্চিত পথগুলির অন্যতম পথ হলো পিতামাতা ও শিক্ষকের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম শ্রদ্ধা ও ভালোবাসা পোষণ করা এবং মহাপুরষদের জীবনী পাঠ করা।

Students have their duties. They have duties to themselves, to their parents and relatives, to their country and to the humanity at large. Student life is the seed time of life. So a student should build up his health, form good habits and cultivate good manners. One of the surest ways to be good and great in life is to have genuine love and regard for one’s parents and teachers and read the lives of great men.

30. বাংলাদেশ আমাদের জন্মভূমি। আমরা ভালবাসি এদেশের নীল আকাশ, সবুজ মাঠ, নদীর কুলকুল ধ্বনি আর সরল মানুষ। যে দেশকে ভালবাসে সে দেশপ্রেমিক। একজন যথার্থ দেশপ্রেমিক নিজের জীবনের চেয়ে নিজের দেশকে বেশি ভালবাসে। জন্মভূমির মঙ্গল ও উন্নতির জন্য চেষ্টা করা আমাদের পবিত্র দায়িত্ব।

Bangladesh is our home land. We love the blue sky, the green field, the murmuring sound of the rivers and the simple people of this country. The man who loves his country is a patriot. A real patriot loves his country more than his life. It is our holy duty to make efforts for the welfare and progress of our motherland.

31. বাংলাদেশ খুব বড় দেশ নয়, কিন্তু এখানে খুব বেশি লোক বাস করে। মৌসুমী বায়ু এদেশের প্রচুর বৃষ্টিপাত ঘটায়। এর অধিকাংশ ভূমিই সমতল। এখানে নদী আছে। দেশটি দেখতে সুন্দর কারণ এর সর্বত্রই সবুজ গাছ ও সবুজ ফসল। প্রতি বছর বর্ষাকালে অনেক জায়গা প্লাবিত হয়। জনসাধারণের তখন নৌকা দরকার হয় এবং জীবন তাই কঠিন হয়ে পড়ে।

Bangladesh is not a large country, but too many people live here. The monsoon causes abundant rainfall here. Most of the land of it are plain. There are many rivers here. The country is beautiful to look at because there are green trees and crops all over it. Many of its places get inundated in the rainy season every year. Then people require boats and for this reason life becomes difficult.

32. একদিন একটি কুকুর একখন্ড মাংস মুখে করিয়া একটি পুলের উপর দিয়া নদী পার হইতেছিল। নিচে নদীর নির্মল জলে তাহার ছায়া পড়িল। কুকুর উহা দেখিল ও মনে করিল যে, উহা অন্য একটি কুকুর, মুখে এক টুকরা মাংস লইয়া যাইতেছে। সে ভাবিল, ঐ মাংস খন্ডকাড়িয়া লওয়া যাক, তাহা হইলে আমার দুই খন্ড মাংস হইবে।

Once a dog was crossing a bridge over a river with a piece of meat in his mouth. In the clear water below, there was his shadow. He found it and thought that it was another dog with a piece of meat in its mouth. He thought if he could grasp that piece of meat too, he would own two pieces of meat.

33. মাতৃেেহর তুলনা নেই। কিন্তু হে অনেক সময় অমঙ্গল আনয়ন করে। যে গ্রহের উত্তাপে সম্মানের পরিপুষ্টি তারই আধিক্যে সে অসহায় হয়ে পড়ে। মাতৃহৃদয়ের মমতার প্রাবল্যে মানুষ আপনাকে হারিয়ে আপন শক্তির মর্যাদা বুঝতেপারে না। ক্রমে জননীর পরম সম্পদ সান অলস, ডীর দুর্বল ও পরিবর্তনশীল হয়ে পড়ে। অন্ধ মাতৃহে সে কথা বোঝো

The affection of a mother is matchless. But this love sometimes brings bad effects. Brought up under a mother’s unflinching care and love, a child tends to become helpless and inactive. The root cause is that a child loses his stamina to understand his own ability. As a result, her dearest son, her precious treasure gradually becomes idle, timid, weak and changing. Still then, the mother does not understand the effect of her blind love.

34. ছাত্রজীবন হলো ভবিষ্যৎ প্রস্তুতির কাল। এটি হলো জীবনের সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সময়। একজন ছাত্র আজ যুবক কিন্তু আগামীদিনে সে হয়ে উঠবে পূর্ণবয়স্ক। তার নানারকম কর্তব্য আছে। সেগুলি তার ভালোভাবে করা উচিত। ছাত্র হিসেবে তার প্রথম কর্তব্য হলো লেখাপড়া শেখা। তার পড়াশুনার প্রতি সচেতন হওয়া উচিত।

Student life is the time of preparation for future. This is the most important period of life. A student is young today. But he will be a man tomorrow. He has different duties. He should perform them well. As a student, his first duty is to study and learn. He should be careful to his lessons.

35. বাংলাদেশ দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার একটি স্বাধীন দেশ। আয়তনের তুলনায় এর জনসংখ্যা অত্যন্ত বেশি। ফলে বিদেশ হতে প্রতি বছর প্রচুর খাদ্য শস্য আমদানি করতে হয়। খাদ্য শস্যের উৎপাদন বাড়াতে না পারলে দেশের কোন উন্নতি হবে না। এ ব্যাপারে আমাদের সবার চেষ্টা করা উচিত।

Bangladesh is an independent country in South Asia. Her population is too large for her total area. As a result, we have to import a lot of food grains from foreign countries. If we cannot increase the production of food grains. our country will make no progress. All of us should try our best in this respect.

36. ইংরেজি আন্তর্জাতিক ভাষা। পৃথিবীতে এমন কোন দেশ নেই যেখানে ইংরেজি শেখানো হয় না। একবার আনন্দ পেলে এ ভাষা না শিখে পারা যায় না। বাংলা ভাষা সমৃদ্ধ করার লক্ষ্যেই ইংরেজি শেখা উচিত। তুমি কি ইংরেজি বলা পছন্দ কর না?

English is an international language. There is hardly any country in the world where English is not taught. If one once finds interest in it, one cannot but learn

Letter Writing

Today is our topic of discussion- Letter Writing

Letter Writing

বন্ধু  সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ রক্ষা, বিভিন্ন স্থান ও দেশের সংবাদ আদান-প্রদান, বা সংক্রান্ত কাজ-কর্ম পরিচালনা প্রভৃতি আমাদেরকে চিঠিপত্রের মাধ্যমে সম্পন্ন করতে হয়। সুতরাং নির্ভুল ও সুন্দরভাবে চিঠিপত্র লেখার অভ্যাস করা একান্ত প্রয়োজোন ।

Letter may be divided into the following classes:

চিঠিগুলিকে নির্লিখিত শ্রেণীতে বিভক্ত করা যায়।

(a) Private letters and telegrams (ব্যক্তিগত চিঠি ও টেলিগ্রাম।

(b) Social letters. [সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠানের চিঠি |

(c) Business letters.

(d) [Official & Demi-official letters. সরকারী ও বেসরকারী অফিস সংক্রান্ত চিঠি এবং রক বিষয়ে বেসরকারীভাবে লিখিত চিঠি |

(e) Letters in response to the advertisements, বিজ্ঞাপনের চিঠি ।

(f) Letters in response to the advertisements, সংবাদপত্রের সম্পাদকের কাছে তিনি ।

(g) Circular letter or Notice & Draft | নির্দেশিকা বা বিজ্ঞপ্তি |

Parts of Letter (চিঠির বিভিন্ন অংশ )

Formal Letter কোন উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যবহৃত হবে তার উপর নির্ভর করে এর মধ্যে কোন কোন অংশ থাকতে হবে। তা নির্ধারণ করতে হয়। তবুও সব ধরনের Formal Letter এর জন্য একটি সাধারণ বিন্যাস থাকে। একটি Formal Letter-এর প্রধান অংশ ছয়টি Heading, Salutation Subject Body of the Letter, Subscription and Signature. অন্যদিকে, Informal Letter Subject বা অন্য অংশগুলো থাকে এবং অতিরিক্ত Superscription অংশ থাকে।

এ অংশগুলোকে নিশেষভাবে সাজানো যায়

1. Heading

2. Salutation

3. Subject

4. Body of the Letter

5. Subscription

6. Signature

 

 

1. The Heading (রা) এংশ পত্র লেখকের পূর্ণ ঠিকানা ও তারিখ, চিঠির একেবারে ডান দিকে উপরিভাগে লিখতে হয়।

2. Salutation (সম্মান) ও এই অংশে যার কাছে পত্র লেখা হচ্ছে তাকে সম্বোধন করে দেখা হয়। এটি পরের বাম দিকে Heading যতখানি উপরে থাকে তা হতে একটু নিচে এক লাইনে লিখতে হয়। এর প্রথম অক্ষর এবং তিন শব্দবিশিষ্ট হলে তৃতীয় শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital Letter হবে এবং সর্বশেষে একটি Commna (,) বসনে। পত্রলেখক ও প্রাপকের সম্পর্কের বিভিন্নতা হেতু Salutation ও বিভিন্ন রূপ হয়ে থাকে।

(i) আত্বীয়-স্বজনের নিকট- My dear Father. My dear Mother. My dear Brother. (ii) মনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু-বান্ধবের নিকট- My dear Karim, My dear Mr. Chowdhury ইত্যাদি।

(iii) সামান্য ব্যক্তির নিকট Dear Mr. Karim, Dear Haque, Dear Rina ইত্যাদি।

(vi) অপরিচিত ব্যক্তির নিকট Sir, Madam ইত্যাদি।

(v) কোন ব্যবসায় প্রতিষ্ঠান বা ব্যবসায়ীর নিকট- Sir. Dear Sir. Gentlemen, Dear Sirs ইত্যাদি। (vi) কোন সরকারি কর্মচারীরা নিকট Sir. Dear Sir. Gentlemen, Dear Sirs ইত্যাদি।

3. (চিঠির মূল বিষয় পরের এ অংশে (সম্ভব হলে লাইনে) চিঠির মূল বক্তা না যে প্রসঙ্গে লেখা হয়েছে তা উল্লেখ করতে হয়। এটি সম্ভাষণ অংশের নিচে বরাবর মার্জিনে লিখতে হয়। তবে অনেকে একটু ডানে সরিয়ে লিখে থাকেন।

4. The Body of the Letter (চিঠির মূল অংশ চিঠিন এই অংশে লেখকের বক্তব্য বিষয় থাকে। কাজেই এই অংশ সবচেয়ে প্রয়োজনীয়। এক বা একাধিক দিক (points) অনুসারে বক্তব্য বিষয় এক বা একাধিক Paragraph-এ লিখতে হয়। সম্পাদনের একটু নিচে ডানদিকে সরিয়ো Capital Letter ব্যবহার করে এই অংশের প্রথম লাইনটি আরম্ভ করতে হয়।

5. The Subscription (প্রজনোচিত বিদায় গ্রহণ মূল চিঠি শেষ হলে বক্তব্যের শেষ লাইনের ঠিক নিচে ডানদিকে লেখকের দস্তখতের ঠিক উপরে আলাদা লাইনে এটি লিখতে হয়। এর শেষে একটি Comma বসাতে হবে। পত্র লেখক ও প্রাপকের মধ্যকার সম্বন্ধের বিভিন্নতা অনুসারে Subscription বিভিন্ন প্রকার হতে পারে।

(i) আত্মীয়-জন ও বন্ধু-বান্ধবের নিকট- Your affectionate or loving father, mother, son. daughter, friend etc.)

(ii) নিষ্ঠ বন্ধু- বাজবের নিকট- Your sincerely or sincerely yours, Ever yours or yours Server ইত্যাদি।

III) অপরিচিত বা সামান্য পরিচিত ব্যক্তিদের নিকট Yours truly or Truly yours. Yours faithfully or Faithfully yours ইত্যাদি।

(iv) সরযাপক আবেদন পত্র ইত্যাদিতে Yours obediently, Yours faithfully-

(v) শিক্ষকের নিকট- I remain Sir.Your most obedient pupil.

6. The Signature of the Writer (পত্র লেখকের দস্তখত বা স্বাক্ষর) Subscription-এর নিচে। একটু ডানদিকে লেখকের Signature বা দড়ান্ত করতে হবে। আত্মীয়-স্বজন ও ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু-বান্ধবদের নিকট পত্র লেখকের ডাক নাম, বা Nick name ব্যবহার করা উচিত। অন্যক্ষেত্রে সম্পূর্ণ নাম লিখতে হবে। আধুনিক রীতিতে Personal Letter-এ signature-এর পর সাধারণত Full-stop দেওয়া হয়। কিন্তু Formal s Official Letters-এ এখন প্রায়ই Full stop দেওয়া হয়।

7. Superscription (প্রাপকের ঠিকানা) : এই অংশে প্রাপকের সম্পূর্ণ নাম, উপাধি এবং ঠিকানা লিখতে হয়। মুসলমানদের নামের পূর্বে Moulvi Janab এবং হিন্দুদের নামের পূর্বে Babu, Sri, Srijukta বা অবস্থাভেদে উভয়কে Mr. লিখতে হয় কিংবা এ সমুদয়ের পরিবর্তে নামের শেষে Esqr. লেখা যায় কিন্তু আগে এবং পরে এই দুই প্রকার সম্মানজনক শব্দ একসঙ্গে ব্যবহার করা চলে না অর্থাৎ আগে Moulvi বা Mr. এবং পরে Esq. T. Moulvi Tofazzal All M. A. LL.B; Prof Badaruddin Omar. M.A ইত্যাদি।

একাধিক বংশনাম বা পদবির (Personal name or surname)-এর সমষ্টিতে গঠিত কোন Business Firm–এর নামের পূর্বে Messes ব্যবহৃত করা হয়। যেমন- Messrs Khan Chowdhury and Co.. Firm-এর নাম নৈর্ব্যক্তিক (Impersonal) হলে Messes বসবে না।

যেমন- Blue Printers

Note: চিঠির কাগজের বাম দিকে অন্তত এক ইঞ্চি পরিমাণ Margin থাকা প্রয়োজ

1. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the Final Examination.

10. Dakshin Khan, 20 Sep. 2006.

Uttara.

My dear Saju,

I have just heard of your result of the Final Examination. I convey my heartiest congratulations on your brilliant success. To secure A+ in five subjects is not a matter of joke. All your friends and relatives must be proud that you have won such distinction. We are specially happy that you performed so well, even though, you had fallen ill just before the examination.

I am sure, this result will encourage you to do better in your higher studies. If you come out successfully of the admission. I hope, you will choose either Science or Engineering course. If it is Computer Science, you should prefer BUET.

I think, you are being flooded with letters from your friends and relatives. I wish you a still more glorious future.
Letter Writing

Yours ever. Arif

 

 

2. Write a letter to a friend inviting him to spend the summer vacation with you.

My dear Tareq,

Many thanks for your sweet letter.

Rajshahi 1.2.07

I came to know that your college will be closed for the summer vacation from the 20th May. I would like to give you a proposal for spending the vacation with us at Rajshahi. After a long confinement in the city you will feel happy in the country side. The rural environment will refresh your mind and restore your energy. The Padma and the mango grove are special attractions. Besides, my parents will be very glad to have you with us. Please do come.

Your loving friend.

Ahmad

3. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to join the birthday party.

Dhaka 1st January, 2007

My dear Arif. You will be glad to learn that my fourteenth birthday comes off on the 10th instant. All our near and dear ones are expected to join the celebration. Mother asks me to invite you to come and dine with us that evening. There will be a lot of fun and merry-making on that day. So be sure to come. With love to you.

Your loving friend Anis

4. Write a letter to your father inquiring about his health.

Satkhira The 10th July, 2006

My dear Father.

It is a long time since I received your letter. So we are very anxious at home. When you left home for your place of work, you were a bit unwell. How are you at present? We are waiting for your letter. Hope, you will kindly let us know the present condition of your health. We request you to come home in the next month. I shall be glad to have you in our midst. Hope, this will find you hale and hearty.

Yours lovingly.

Awal.

5. Write a letter to your friend for the loan of a book.

My dear Asad,

Pabna August 5, 2006

I am sorry to write to you that I lost my book of Grammar. Translation and Composition, last week. I have learnt that you have two copies of the same book. So I am requesting you to lend me a copy of yours for a fortnight. I shall receive money from my elder brother within fifteen days. Then I shall buy a new copy and return your one without fail. Hope, you will not mind.

Thanking you.

Yours ever.

6. Write a letter to your friend about a visit to a place of interest.

Dhaka July 18, 2006

My dear Mazid,

You will be surprised to hear that during the last short holiday. I along with some friends went to the Dhakeswari Cotton Mills at Narayanganj by train. It was a wonderful new experience to me to see hundreds of people working there. It was really interesting to me to find raw cotton being made into fine thread and then into the fine cloth. It would have been more interesting if you were with us.

Yours sincerely

Khaled.

7. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to the marriage ceremoney of your sister.

Muktagacha, Mymensingh Dated: 20.07. 06

My dear Abul,

You will be glad to know that my elder sister’s marriage ceremony will be held on the 30th March at our village home. The bridal party will reach here at 12-30 p.m. All of our relatives and friends will attend the ceremony and Join the party. You will also come to our house on that day earlier and if you Join us I shall be very much glad and so my parents.

With best love to you..

Yours ever.

Kamrul.

8. Write a letter to your friend invinting him/her to join the picnic.

Dhanmondi, Dhaka Dated: 16.01.06

My dear X.

You will be glad to know that we have arranged a picnic which is going to take place on the 31st of this month. The place we have chosen that Kotbari Comilla is undoubtedly a very beautiful and renowned historical place. We also have hired a 40-seated luxurious coach which will carry us there. You are also cordially invited to join us to attend the picnic. I request you to come to our house on that day at 7.30 a.m. Really we shall be very glad to have you in our midst.

Letter Writing

Sincerely yours. Y.

BUSINESS LETTERS

9. Write a letter to a book selling firm for catalogue of library books.

Comilla Zilla School

To

The 15th January, 2006

The Manager.

Dear Sir,

May I request you to be so good as to send me per book post a catalogue of your library books at your earliest convenience.

Dated: Comilla

the 15th January…

Yours faithfully.

Sk. Abdur Rahaman BBS 1st year

10. Write a letter to the manager of a publication requesting him to send you some books.

To

The Manager

St. Paul High School, Satkhira The 1st February, 2007

Dear Sir,

I shall be highly obliged if you kindly send me the following books per V.P.P. at your earliest convenience.
List of books:

1. ( Example )

2.( Example )

3.( Example )

Yours faithfully.

Shafiqul Bari BBS 1st year

11. Write a letter to a sports goods selling firm ordering some sports goods.

To

The Manager,

Shialkote Sports I no. stadium market. Dhaka-1000

Chandana High School, Gazipur Dated: 10.01.06

Dear Sir,

I shall be much obliged and glad if you kindly send me the following sports
goods per railway parcel at your earliest convenience.
List of goods:

1. Two footballs

2. Two football pumpers.

3. One pair of gloves.

4. Two cricket bats

5. Three stumps

Thanking you

Yours faithfully,

Azmol Hossain Chandana, Gazipur.

12. Write an application to the Circulation Manager for subscribing newspaper.

To

The Circulation Manager,

The Daily Janakantha,

Dhaka.

Subject: Prayer for enlisting as yearly subscriber.

Dear Sir,

I, the undersigned, wish to be a yearly subscriber of your esteemed “Daily Janakantha” with effect from the 1st May 2007. I am also remitting here with Tk. 2000 (Two thousand) only by M. O. for its subscription I shall be highly obliged if you kindly enlist me as a yearly subscriber.

Dated: Goripur

25th April

Faithfully yours,

Atiqur Rahman

Goripur, Camilla

13. Write a letter to a book-seller at Dhaka to send per V.P.P. some books which are not available at the local market.

To

The Manager

Library, Dhaka

Dear Sir.

I shall be highly obliged if you kindly send me per V.P.P. at your earliest convenience the following books which are not available in the local
market.

List of books:

1.

2.

3.

Yours faithfully,

Abul Mazid, Bagerhat College, Bagerhat

14. Write a letter to the publisher for cancelling an order.

То

M/s. Mullick Brothers & Co. Banglabazar. Dhaka-1000.

Azad store Dakhin Khan The 18th April, 2006

Dear Sir,

I beg to draw your attention to my order dated 12-2-06 and to say that this delay on your part in executing the same has caused me great inconvenience and some loss too. Will you be so good as to let me know if the goods ordered have already been despatched. If they do not reach me within three days, you are requested to cancel my order. Y

ours faithfully,

T. Chowdhury Manager. Azad Store.

15. Write a letter complaining about a damaged and a defective books.

To

The Manager,

Globe Library. 18 Bangla Bazar Dhaka.

Azad store. Dhaka

The 26th May, 2006

Dear Sir,

I regret very much to inform you that of the books sent by you in execution of my order dated March 20, 2006. T. Chowdhury’s Biology is in a damaged condition and Nazrul’s Grammar is wanting in 20 pages (pp. 100- 110). These are, therefore, returned to you in a registered cover.

May, I request you to replace them at your earliest convenience.

Yours faithfully. T. Ahmed.

 

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16. Write a letter to the Manager/ Branch Manager of a Bank for a Bank draft.

Το

The Branch Manager. Janata Bank Dakshin Khan.

Ashkona Dhaka-1230.

Dear Sir.

I shall be highly obliged if you supply me with a Bank draft of Tk. 2000/- (Taka two thousand only) in favour of Globe Library. Please debit the amount to my currect account.

Thanking you.

Yours faithfully T.Chowdhury

17. Write an application to the authorities concerned for the post of a clerk.

15 December, 2006

The Manager

Lecture Guide House 38 Banglabazar, Dhaka.

Subject: An application for the post of a clerk.

Sir.

In response to your advertisement in the “Daily Juguntar on 12th December, 2006, I have come to know that a clerk is going to be appointed in your office. I beg to apply for the post. My necessary particulars have been given below for your kind consideration

Name: Md. Nazrul Islam.

Father’s Name: Md. Insan Ali

Present Address: Vill-Chinishpur, P.O. Narsingdi College Dist. Narsingdi

Permanent Address:; Vill-Chinishpur, P.O. Narsingdi College, Dist. Narsingdi

Educational qualifications: (1) 1997. Dhaka Board: SSC (Second Division)

(ii) 1999, Dhaka Board: HSC Second division.

Nationality: Bangladeshi

Religion:Islam

Date of Birth: 4th July, 1981

Experience :Working at Sure Success Publication, Dhaka since
2000.

May, I therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to consider my case and appoint me in the post prayed for and oblige thereby.

Yours faithfully, Md. Nurul Hoque.