English Grammar Premodifiers This class discusses “Premodifiers” Grammar. This class is part of HSC (11-12) English 2nd paper Grammar. This book is a lesson on the Grammar of HSC. That means the “Premodifiers” class is useful for students of Class 11 and Class 12.

 

English Grammar Premodifiers

 

In English grammar, a premodifier is a modifier that precedes the head of a noun phrase or word that determines the meaning of a phrase. Premodifiers are most often adjectives, participles, and nouns. When used as an adjective to characterize a person or thing, this part of speech is also referred to as an epithet.

Premodifiers are written more often than spoken. As noted by Douglas Biber et. al. in Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, “Premodifiers and postmodifiers are distributed in the same way across registers: rare in conversation, very common in informational writing,” (Biber 2002). Learn more about and see examples of premodifiers here.

 

Understanding Premodifiers

To understand premodifiers, study the types that you might encounter and how each is used. Be sure to reference plenty of examples.

Types of Premodifiers

Biber categorized premodifiers into four main groups and commented on the use of other parts of speech to make premodifiers more precise. “There are four major structural types of premodification in English:

• adjective: big pillow, new pants, official negotiations, political isolation
• -ed participial: restricted area, improved growth, fixed volume, established tradition
• -ing participial: flashing lights, a growing problem, an exhausting task
• noun: staff room, pencil case, market forces, maturation period

In addition … determiners, genitives, and numerals precede the head and modifiers and help to specify the reference of noun phrases.”

Biber also noted that premodifiers are efficient, saying, “Premodifiers are condensed structures. They use fewer words than postmodifiers to convey roughly the same information. Most adjectival and participial premodifiers can be rephrased as a longer, postmodifying relative clause,” (Biber 2002).

 

Premodifiers and Compounds

Andreas H. Jucker in his book Social Stylistics: Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers defined the relationship between premodifiers and compounds as follows.

“Premodifying elements in prehead position are often used as qualifiers, which means that they restrict the reference of the head of the noun phrase to a subset of the things it denotes. In many cases, the resultant expression is fairly permanent and is used regularly.

Eventually, the meaning of the combined expression may differ from the meaning that is derivable from the meaning of its constituents. In this case, the term compound or nominal compound is often used.

lighthouse—light music
software—soft option
hothouse—hot house
blackbird—black bird
darkroom—dark room

The first element [e.g. software] in these examples is always the compound, which is contrasted to the second element [e.g. soft option] which is not usually regarded as a compound. Compounds tend to have primary stress on the first element, whereas noun phrase combinations are written as two words,” (Jucker 1992).

Examples of Premodifiers

Take a look at these examples of premodifiers, some from literature and some not, to better understand the applications of this useful part of speech.

• The next morning, Lonsdale was spotted coming out of a nearby house.
• “Indeed, it is a commonplace observation that a truly intelligent youth is aided but little by the average college education,” (H.L. Mencken).
• We have enjoyed some extremely varied and consistently excellent performances at this theater.
• “The road deteriorated until it resembled a casually discarded trail of large and sharp stones.
• “The problem is not just our junkie-like behavior; it is that there is another energy junkie in the neighborhood with a growing habit—China,” (Schultz 2010).
• “Younkers was the most elegant, up-to-the-minute, briskly efficient, satisfyingly urbane place in Iowa,” (Bryson 2006).

 

 

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English Grammar Voice This class discusses “Voice” English Grammar. This class is part of SSC (9-10), and HSC (11-12) English 2nd paper Grammar. “English Grammar – Voice” class is divided into six parts and today’s class is the first class.

 

English Grammar Voice

 

In grammar, the voice (aka diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target, or undergoer of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. When the subject both performs and receives the action expressed by the verb, the verb is in the middle voice.

 

 

The following pair of examples illustrates the contrast between active and passive voice in English. In sentence (1), the verb form ate is in the active voice, but in sentence (2), the verb form was eaten is in the passive voice. Independent of voice, the cat is the Agent (the doer) of the action of eating in both sentences.

1. The cat ate the mouse.
2. The mouse was eaten by the cat.

In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent passive-voice construction, the subject and the direct object switch grammatical roles. The direct object gets promoted to subject, and the subject demoted to an (optional) adjunct. In the first example above, the mouse serves as the direct object in the active-voice version, but becomes the subject in the passive version. The subject of the active-voice version, the cat, becomes part of a prepositional phrase in the passive version of the sentence, and can be left out entirely; The mouse was eaten.

 

 

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Narration English Grammar This class discusses about “Narration” Grammar. This class is part of HSC (11-12) English 2nd paper Grammar. This book is a lesson on the Grammar of HSC. That means the “Narration” class is useful for students of Class 11 and Class 12.

 

Narration English Grammar

 

Introduction

Narration can be defined broadly as the system of reporting the words of a specific person in a new sentence. It includes sentences that contain the speech of someone who once spoke. It may appear confusing, but narration is a fundamental concept in English grammar.

Narration is divided into two categories-direct speech and indirect speech, which help narrate words differently. Various concepts in English help us express our thoughts and ideas differently. Narration in English grammar is a concept related to expressing a person’s speech or words discussed in this blog.

 

 

What is narration?

Narration refers to any type of explanation or telling of something. It is commonly used in the context of storytelling. You might have heard narration if you’ve watched a television show in which one of the characters speaks directly to the audience. Songs often feature narration, with the singer recounting the events of losing his guitar, truck, and wife, and finding solace in singing the blues. The same concept is used for narration in English grammar.

A person’s speech or words can be expressed in two ways. This distinguishes between direct and indirect speech in narration. In grammar, there are two types of speech.

Direct speech

In general, direct speech is a sentence in which the speaker’s exact words are used to state what the speaker has said by using his words. Direct speech causes repetition of the exact words spoken or said by the speaker in speech marks or quotation marks.

In other words, we express a speech in direct speech as if the original speaker is speaking for himself. There is no change in the words or the tenses of the verbs. In this case, we use a reporting clause or verb to indicate that we are referring to someone else’s speech or words, such as he said, she said, and so on. Then comes the reported clause, which is the speaker’s original speech.

In a nutshell, this is the method of narrating someone else’s words in a sentence by using quotation marks or inverted commas and making no changes to the original words.

 

 

Indirect speech

This is a speech or system of narrating a person’s speech in which we are not required to use the exact same words as the speaker. Indirect speech is the sentence in which we convey or narrate a speech by rephrasing it in our own words.

In indirect speech quotation marks are not used to quote the speaker’s words. Only the speech’s most important or necessary parts are reproduced here using different words. The only goal is to convey the same message.

We use a reporting clause similar to a direct speech here, followed by a reported clause. The ‘that’ clause is the most common way to express words in indirect speech. However, depending on the circumstances, the reported clause may change. If it’s a question, for example, use ‘if’ or ‘whether.’ ‘To’ is a command that can be used.

 

 

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Words and Phrases are the topic of today’s class. This class discusses “Words and Phrases” Grammar. This class is part of HSC (11-12) English 2nd paper Grammar. Words and Phrases class is divided into two parts and today’s class is the first one.

 

Words and Phrases

 

What Is a Word? 

Words are the basic building blocks of grammar. Words are combinations of letters and sounds, individual words are separated by spaces. Some words contain more than one part, such as hyphenated words and other compound words. Some words are pronounced in the same way but carry different meanings. As time passes, the definition of a word or is pronunciation may change radically from its inception to its current usage.

 

 

Words may be combined into phrases. Some phrases become popular over the years and are applied to situations other than originally intended. These phrases take on a figurative meaning rather than a literal meaning and become idioms. If a certain phrase or idiom becomes popular only in a certain region or among a certain group of people, it becomes a colloquialism. And finally, a phrase that is misheard and misquoted may become a mondegreen or an eggcorn, sometimes supplanting the original phrase in popularity.

English incorporates words and phrases from many other languages and other sources. The internet has given rise to a growing list of new words and phrases, and new ways to use existing words and phrases. Grammarist is here to help you understand English words and phrases, whether their roots can be traced back one year or a thousand.

 

What Is a Phrase?

A phrase is a group of words that forms a grammatical component. It can be used to communicate something. It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand on its own. Phrases provide more information about whatever the sentence is speaking about.

 

Definition of a Phrase

A phrase, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a phrase is defined as “a group of words that is part of, rather than the whole of a sentence.” The Collins Dictionary defines a phrase as “a short group of words that people often use as a way of saying something. The meaning of a phrase is often not obvious from the meaning of the individual words in it.”

It is also defined as “a small group of words which forms a unit, either on its own or within a sentence.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a phrase as “a word or group of words forming a syntactic constituent with a single grammatical function.”

 

 

 

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Science and Technology Against an age-old disease This class discusses “Science and Technology Against an age-old disease” reading passages or seen comprehension. This class is part of Unit 13, Lesson 2, Polytechnic English course of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB), course code 65712. This class is also part of Class 11 – 12 (HSC) English 1st Paper Unit-13 Lesson-2.

 

 

Science and Technology Against an age-old disease

 

When I started working on the research and science of leprosy more than a decade ago, people thought this chronic infectious disease would eliminate itself and burn out over time.

আমি যখন এক দশকেরও বেশি সময় ধরে কুষ্ঠরোগের গবেষণা ও বিজ্ঞান নিয়ে কাজ শুরু করেছি আগে, লোকেরা ভেবেছিল যে এই দীর্ঘস্থায়ী সংক্রামক ব্যাধিটি নিজেকে মুছে ফেলবে এবং দূর হয়ে যাবে সময়ের সাথে সাথে।

 

 

We didn’t have time for that. Why? Nearly 250,000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed every year, and many more go undetected. Approximately 10 percent of new cases occur in children.

আমাদের এটির জন্য সময় ছিল না। কেন? প্রায় 250,000 কুষ্ঠরোগের নতুন রোগ নির্ণয় করা হয় প্রতিবছর, এবং আরও অনেকগুলি সনাক্ত করা যায় না।নতুন ক্ষেত্রে প্রায় 10 শতাংশ শিশুদের মধ্যে ঘটে।

Even though it’s associated with biblical times, leprosy remains a problem in the modern era and was reported in 130 countries worldwide.

যদিও এটি বাইবেলের কালের সাথে জড়িত, কুষ্ঠরোগটি একটি সমস্যা হিসাবে রয়ে গেছে আধুনিক যুগ এবং বিশ্বব্যাপী ১৩০ টি দেশে রিপোর্ট করা হয়েছিল।

It’s most prevalent in a number of countries throughout Africa, Asia and South America. Symptoms include progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes but they can take several years to appear, making the disease hard to diagnose at an early stage.

এটি এ এর ​​মধ্যে সবচেয়ে প্রাদুর্ভাব দেখা যায় আফ্রিকা, এশিয়া এবং দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা সংখ্যাq দেশজুড়ে ।লক্ষণগুলি অন্তর্ভুক্ত ত্বক, স্নায়ু, অঙ্গ এবং চোখের প্রগতিশীল এবং স্থায়ী ক্ষতি তবে তারা জন্য কয়েক বছর সময় নেয়বলে প্রাথমিক পর্যায়ে রোগ নির্ণয় করা শক্ত হয়ে ওঠে ।

Even worse, leprosy comes with a stigma. Unlike most other diseases, leprosy results in isolation, as people with leprosy are often shunned.

আরও খারাপ, কুষ্ঠরোগ আসে কলঙ্কের সাথে। অন্যান্য রোগের মতো নয়, কুষ্ঠরোগ বিচ্ছিন্ন হওয়ার ফলস্বরূপ, কুষ্ঠরোগী লোকেরা প্রায়শই দূরে সরে যায়।

The good news, however, is Greatest Scientific Achievements that we now have the key scientific solutions and momentum as well as key collaborations to finally have the opportunity to eliminate leprosy.

তবে সুসংবাদটি হ’ল সর্বাধিক বৈজ্ঞানিক অর্জন আমাদের কাছে এখন মূল বৈজ্ঞানিক সমাধান এবং গতির পাশাপাশি মূল সহযোগিতা রয়েছে অবশেষে কুষ্ঠরোগ দূর করার সুযোগ পেয়েছি।

I couldn’t have said this 10 years ago…. At IDRI, we are also attacking leprosy in two different ways.

আমি এটি 10 ​​বছর আগে বলতে পারিনি … আইডিআরআই-তে আমরা দুটি ভিন্ন উপায়ে কুষ্ঠরোগের আক্রমণও করছি।

First, by developing a fast, easy-to-use test that provides an early diagnosis of infection before clinical symptoms, such as nerve damage, begin to appear.

প্রথমত, একটি দ্রুত, সহজেই ব্যবহারযোগ্য পরীক্ষার বিকাশ করা যা সংক্রমণের প্রাথমিক সনাক্তকরণ করে, ক্লিনিকাল লক্ষণগুলির আগে যেমন স্নায়ুর ক্ষতি দেখা দিতে শুরু করে।

This new approach is far superior to the traditional method of diagnosis, which has generally involved clinical and/or microscopic assessment.

 

 

এই নতুন পদ্ধতির হয় প্রচলিত পদ্ধতিতে নির্ধারণের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি উন্নত যা সাধারণত ক্লিনিকাল জড়িত এবং / অথবা মাইক্রোস্কোপিক মূল্যায়ন।

IDRI is also developing a companion test so that we can identify which people will likely progress to the disease and to determine the appropriate course of treatment.

এই নতুন পদ্ধতির হয় প্রচলিত পদ্ধতিতে নির্ধারণের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি উন্নত যা সাধারণত ক্লিনিকাল জড়িত এবং / অথবা মাইক্রোস্কোপিক মূল্যায়ন।

And, second, by developing a vaccine that can be used therapeutically in conjunction with antibiotics to shorten therapy.

এবং দ্বিতীয়ত, একটি ভ্যাকসিন তৈরি করে যা থেরাপিউটিক্যালি ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে সংক্ষিপ্ত আকারে অ্যান্টিবায়োটিকের সাথে একত্রে থেরাপি।

IDRI’s diagnostic tools would be used to identify infected individuals and IDRI’s vaccine would then be used on a targeted basis for treatment of the patient as well as to immunize family members and close contacts.

আইডিআরআই এর ডায়াগনস্টিক সরঞ্জামগুলি সংক্রামিত ব্যক্তিদের সনাক্ত করতে ব্যবহার করুন এবং আইডিআরআই এর ভ্যাকসিনটি রোগীর চিকিত্সার জন্য একটি লক্ষ্য ভিত্তিতে ব্যবহৃত হত পাশাপাশি পরিবারের সদস্যদের এবং ঘনিষ্ঠ পরিচিতিজনকে।

This treatment and prevention strategy has been significantly bolstered by support from some pharmaceutical giants that donate the currently used antibiotics.

এই চিকিত্সা এবং প্রতিরোধের কৌশলটি কারও কাছ থেকে সমর্থন পেয়ে উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে উত্সাহিত হয়েছে বর্তমানে ব্যবহৃত অ্যান্টিবায়োটিকগুলি দান করে ফার্মাসিউটিক্যাল জায়ান্টগুলি।

The most exciting part of this breakthrough is the fact that were now right on the course of human clinical trials after a decade of leprosy vaccine development.

এই ব্রেকথ্রুটির সবচেয়ে উত্তেজনাপূর্ণ অংশটি হ’ল সত্য যে এখন ঠিক কুষ্ঠরোগের ভ্যাকসিনের বিকাশের দশকের এক দশক পরে ছিল মানবিক ক্লিনিকাল পরীক্ষার কোর্স।

The Food and Drug Administration will initially oversee the multi-stage trials in the USA before they move on to the Philippines, India and Brazil.

খাদ্য ও ওষুধ প্রশাসন প্রাথমিকভাবে মাল্টি-স্টেজ ট্রায়ালগুলির তদারকি করবে ফিলিপাইন, ভারত এবং ব্রাজিল যাওয়ার আগে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র।

Global technology has been an integral part of our quest to eliminate leprosy. The rapid diagnostic test for leprosy infection, for example, was developed in conjunction with a Brazilian company.

কুষ্ঠরোগ দূরীকরণে বৈশ্বিক প্রযুক্তি আমাদের অনুসন্ধানের একটি অবিচ্ছেদ্য অঙ্গ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে। কুষ্ঠরোগের সংক্রমণের জন্য দ্রুত ডায়াগনস্টিক পরীক্ষা, উদাহরণস্বরূপ, একযোগে তৈরি হয়েছিল একটি ব্রাজিলিয়ান কোম্পানির সাথে।

This company combined IDRI’s leprosy diagnostic antigens with a smart phone-based platform that standardizes the ability to accurately interpret results and get a quantitative value.

এই সংস্থা আইডিআরআই’র কুষ্ঠরোগ ডায়াগনস্টিক অ্যান্টিজেন সমন্বিত করেছে একটি স্মার্ট ফোন-ভিত্তিক প্ল্যাটফর্মের সাথে যা সঠিকভাবে ফলাফল ব্যাখ্যা  করার ক্ষমতাটিকে মানক করে এবং একটি পরিমাণগত মান পেতে সহায়তা করে।

The test requires just a single drop of blood, mixed with a developing reagent. The appearance of two lines indicates that the person is positive for leprosy.

পরীক্ষার জন্য মাত্র একটি ফোঁটা রক্ত দরকার, একটি উন্নয়নশীল রেএজেন্টের সাথে মিশ্রিত করা। দুটি লাইনের উপস্থিতি ইঙ্গিত দেয় যে কুষ্ঠরোগের জন্য ব্যক্তি ইতিবাচক।

From there, the information from the phone is pushed to the person’s medical records.

সেখান থেকে, ফোন থেকে প্রাপ্ত তথ্যগুলিকে পািঠয়ে দেওয়া হয় ব্যক্তির মেডিকেল রেকর্ড।

People around the world now believe we will soon have the tools to finally eliminate leprosy. The next step is making this disease disappear.

বিশ্বজুড়ে লোকেরা এখন বিশ্বাস করে যে শীঘ্রই আমাদের কাছে অবশেষে নির্মূল করার সরঞ্জামগুলি রয়েছে কুষ্ঠ। পরবর্তী পদক্ষেপে এই রোগটিকে অদৃশ্য করে ফেলা।

 

 

English

বাংলা

Vocabulary 1.Antigen 2.Symptom 3.Stigma 4.Momentum 5.Microscope 6.Therapy 7.Eliminate 8.Quantitative 9.Gene

শব্দ সমাহার 1./noun/ রক্তস্রোতের মধ্যে বাইরের থেকে প্রবিষ্ট পদার্থ যা রোগজীবাণু-প্রতিরোধক পদার্থ সৃষ্টি করে; 2. /noun/ লক্ষণ বা উপসর্গ, চিহ্ন 3./noun/ কলঙ্ক, নিন্দা, লোহা;ছেকার দাগ 4./noun/ গতিবেগ, ভরবেগ,প্র্রেরঙ্গা 5./noun/ অুবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র 6./noun/ তত্ত্ব, সিদ্ধান্ত; অনুমান, মতবাদ 7./verb/ দূর করা. বাদ দেওয়া; পরিহার করা 8. /adj/ পরিমাণগত, মাত্রিক 9./noun/ জীন; ক্রোমোসোমের অন্তর্গত একক যা ব্যক্তির কোনো নির্দিষ্ট বংশানুক্রমিক বৈশিষ্ট্যকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে; বংশানু;

 

English	বাংলা
Vocabulary 9. Antibiotics 10. Chronic 11. Immunise 12. Therapeutic 13. Reagent 14. Synthesis 15. Standard 16. Elimination 17. Diagnosis	শব্দ সমাহার 9. /noun/ জীবাণু-প্রতিরোধী পদার্থ; 10.  /adj/ দীর্ঘকাল স্তায়ী; বহুদিনের 11.  /verb/ অনাক্রম্য করা; 12. /adjective/চিকিত্সাবিদ্যাগত; ভৈষজ; 13. /noun/ বিকারক, অন্য পদার্থের অস্তিত্ব জারিবার জন্য ব্যবহৃত বস্তু 14, /noun/ সংশ্লেষণ, সমন্বয়, রাসায়নিক প্রণালীতে কৃত্রিম বস্তু উৎপন্ন 15. /noun/ নিশান; মানের আদর্শ বা নমুনা 16.  /noun/ বর্জন, অপনয়ন; অপসারণ 17. /noun/ রোগ নির্ণয়

 

English

বাংলা

Vocabulary 18. Donation 19. Undetected 20. Infectious 21. Prevalent 22. Progressive 23. Isolation 24. Shunned 25. Collaborations 26. Assessment

শব্দ সমাহার 18.  /noun/ চাঁদা হিসাবে টাকা বা জিনিস পত্র 19. /adj/ অলক্ষিত; ধরা পড়েনি এমন; 20. /adj/ সংক্রামক; জীবাণু দ্বারা সংক্রামিত 21. /adj/ প্রচলিত, প্রবল বিজয়ী 22. /noun/ অগ্রগ্রামী উন্নতিশীল 23. noun(1) বিচ্ছন্নকরণ; পৃথককরণ; স্বতন্ত্রীকরণ; (2) বিচ্ছিন্নঅবস্থা 24. /verb/ পরিহার করা; এড়াইয়া চলা; 25.  /noun/ সাহায্য; সহযোগিতা; 26. noun(1) কর নিরূপণ বা নির্ধারণ; নির্ধারিত মূল্য বা কর; (2) মূল্যায়ন;

 

English	বাংলা
Vocabulary 27. Companion 28. Therapeutically 29. Bolstered 30. Interpret	শব্দ সমাহার 27. /verb/ সহচর, সঙ্গী 28. /adjective/ প্রতিষেধক; 29.  /verb/ তাকিয়ায় ঠেস দেত্তয়ান; খাড়া করান; ঠেস দেত্তয়ান; 30.  /verb/ ব্যাখ্যা করা, ভাষান্তরিত করা অনুবাদ করা

 

 

Details about Science and Technology Against an age-old disease- English Grammar :

 

 

Greatest Scientific Achievements This class discusses “Greatest Scientific Achievements” reading passages or seen comprehension. This class is part of Unit 13, Lesson 1, Polytechnic English course of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB), course code 65712. This class is also part of Class 11 – 12 (HSC) English 1st Paper Unit-13 Lesson-1.

 

Greatest Scientific Achievements

 

1. Warm-up activity:

• Discuss the following questions in pair.
• What advantages has technology brought to everyday life?
• How do science and technology make life better?
• What, in your opinion, are some of the greatest scientific achievements so far?

 

2. Read the passage that discusses one of the greatest scientific achievements in the hut fifty years:

We human beings tend to forget how far we have come as a species in a relatively short period of time. It was only in the 1870s when we had the first house that was lighted with electricity. The crisis just started to become available 100 years ago. Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. Televisions didn’t become widely available until after World War n. In other words, the advances humankind has made in a relatively short period of time have been nothing short of extraordinary.

Perhaps just as extraordinary is how we tend to simply adapt to these incredible changes, not realizing how completely our world has been altered in a short span of time. With that in mind, it is worth looking hack at some of the amazing scientific advances we have made in the last few decades.

 

 

The Artificial Heart: There is nothing that piques the interest of a human being quite as much as the prospect of living a longer life. Implanting a person with an artificial heart in 1982 was an extraordinary step towards increasing the human lifespan. A Seattle-based dentist, Dr. Bamey Clark, was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, an artificial heart intended to last a lifetime. The Jarvik-7 artificial heart was designed by Robert Jarvik.

Though the patient survived 112 days, it was a huge step towards the development of heart transplant surgery. One day, more advanced versions of artificial organs will likely allow us to live much longer and more productive lives. When we get there, we will owe a lot to Robert Jarvik’s artificial heart.

 

 

Cell phones: Phones have been around since the late 1800s, but cell phones made their appearance only in the 1990s. Today, by some estimates, more than 100 million people in Bangladesh and more than 4.6 billion people worldwide have mobile phones Anything that is useful and spreads so fast has to be considered one of the greatest inventions of all time. Just two decades ago, in Bangladesh, even landlines were difficult to obtain, let alone mobile phones.

 

 

 

Today people from all social strata use cell phones, from street vendors to business executives in luxury cars, and from villagers to urbanites. Since May 2015, Bangladesh joined its South Asian neighbors* India (862 million) and Pakistan (122 million) on the list of countries with 100 million or more mobile phone users. The other countries on the list are China (one billion users), Russia, Brazil, the United States, Indonesia, Japan, Germany, the Philippines and Nigeria.

 

 

The Personal Computer: Today, we take for granted that we have one machine that allows us to access the Internet, do word processing, use a calculator, watch TV, play games, and do a host of other things. But the personal computer only became available to consumers in 1974. Things really took off when Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1985 and it’s good that it was since without the prevalence of personal computers, the Internet wouldn’t have had nearly as big an impact as it has ever since.

 

 

The First Communications Satellite: People on Earth may take for granted today’s high-tech world of cell phones, GPS, and the satellites high above the planet that make instant communication possible. But it all began 50 years ago with one giant space balloon. 10 July 1962 marked the birth of satellite communications. On this day the Telstar satellite commenced its journey into space and became the first ever active communications satellite.

It carried the first live trans-Atlantic TV broadcasts, Telstar was built by a team at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the USA and incorporated many innovations such as the transistor and the 3,600 solar panels that powered the satellite. Telstar produced 14 watts and relayed its first and non-public television pictures on 11 July 1962.

The satellite could carry 600 voice calls and one black-and-white TV channel from an egg-shaped orbit. Today, we use satellites for GPS, TV, radio, weather tracking, military surveillance, space exploration, and global communications, among other things.

 

 

The Moon Landing: For thousands of years, human beings have looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the first person to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment gave people around the world hope for future space exploration.

In fact, it was a feat that was so fantastic that there are still conspiracy theorists who insist it could not be possible. Putting a man on the moon is perhaps man’s most inspiring accomplishment; it opened the door to future space travel and led to a number of spin-off inventions including flame-resistant textiles used by firefighters, invisible braces, improved satellite dishes, and better medical imaging.

 

 

The Internet/World Wide Web: The ARPANET, The first Internet, was invented in 1969 and the public only had access to the World Wide Web starting in 1993. Today, just 22 years later, the web has revolutionized the dissemination of information, created a new multi-trillion dollar economic phenomenon, played a role in revolutions, and interconnected much of the globe. It has also made it possible for people all over the planet to reach out and touch someone.

 

 

The Microchip: A microchip is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (chip) of semiconductor material, normally silicon. Microchips are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. The forerunner to the microchip was invented back in 1959, but it didn’t really start to take off until the 1980s.

Since then, incredible advances in microchips have made it possible for them to be cheaply and efficiently used for calculators, personal computers, pet identification, automatic teller machines, satellites, pacemakers, cell phones, and microwave ovens among many other products.

 

3. Answer (the following questions):

a. By 2015, how many countries in the world had a hundred million or more mobile phone users?

b. What is Jarvik-7? Why is it so significant in the advancement of medical science?

c. What is the most important function performed by the Telstar satellite?

d. There are some conspiracy theorists who insist that no human being ever set foot on the moon. Do you support their views? Give reasons for your answer.

e.You have read about seven amazing achievements of science in the last fifty years. In your view, which of the achievements has the strongest influence on human beings? Explain why.

 

Details about Greatest Scientific Achievements – English Grammar :

 

Water, Water Everywhere This is reading passages or seen comprehension class. This class discusses “Water, Water Everywhere” reading passages or seen comprehension. “Water, Water Everywhere” class is part of Unit 8, Lesson 1, Polytechnic English course of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB), course code 65712. This class is also part of Class 11 – 12 HSC English 1st Paper Unit-8 Lesson-1. This class is also applicable to Madrasa Alim’s English 1st paper.

 

Water, Water Everywhere

1. Warm-up activity:

• Ask an elderly villager or relative how the river nearby was in his or her youth. Then compare the state of the river at present and write down the differences. Make a presentation in a group.
• With a group of friends, make a survey of ponds/water bodies in your locality. Then ask an elderly person living in the area if there were more of them in his younger days. Imagine the reasons why the water bodies/ponds had been filled up and write them down.

 

 

2. Now read the four lines from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and answer the questions that follow:

Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.

Coleridge’s poem, a ballad, narrates the harrowing sea voyage of an old mariner who at one point in his journey didn’t have any water to drink because of a curse. Cursed or not, we know how important drinking water is in our lives. We know we cannot survive without it. In fact, two-thirds of our body is made up of water. Not for nothing is it said that the other name of water is life.

Is there a crisis in our time with regard to access to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. But do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Besides, we have a sea in our backyard too.

One of the sources of water in our country is the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our lives, literature, economy, and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going through the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. Its water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it But that is not what it was like before.

The report says that the river had a glorious past Once it was a tributary of the mighty Ganges and flowed into the Bay of Bengal through the river Dhaleshwari. Gradually, it lost its link with the Ganges and got the name Buriganga. The Mughals marveled at the tide level of the Buriganga and founded their capital Jahangirnagar on its banks in 1610. The river supplied drinking water and supported trade and commerce. Jahangirnagar was renamed Dhaka which grew into a heavily populated city with a chronic shortage of space.

 

 

The city paid back the bounty of the river by sucking life out of ill According to a newspaper report, the Buriganga is dying because of pollution. Huge quantities of toxic chemicals and wastes from mills and factories, hospitals clinics and households, and other establishments are dumped into the river every day. The city of Dhaka discharges about 4500 tons of solid waste every day and most of it is directly released into the Buriganga.

According to the Department of the Environment (DoE), 20,000 tons of tannery waste, including some highly toxic materials, are released into the river every day. Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution: Tongi, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal.

The river would need a monster’s stomach to digest all the wastes mentioned above. There is a limit to which it can put up with its cruel and thoughtless treatment. We the humans have successfully killed one of our rivers. There are other rivers in the country that are being subjected to similar thoughtless treatment. Unless we take care of our rivers there may come a time when we will cry ‘water, water* and find it nowhere.

3. Collect some reports on the dying rivers in Bangladesh from newspapers and magazines. Write a paragraph summarizing the main points.

4. Make a survey of the water bodies in your locality and write a report on whether they are being properly protected or not.

5. In a group, collect the data on the average rainfall of the last three years and write a report on any changes in our rainfall pattern.

 

Details about Water, Water Everywhere – English Grammar :

 

 

Love And Friendship This class discusses “Love And Friendship” reading passages or seen comprehension. This class is part of Unit 4, Lesson 2, Polytechnic English course of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB), course code 65712. This class is also part of Class 11 – 12 (HSC) English 1st Paper Unit-4 Lesson-2.

 

Love And Friendship

 

1. Warm-up activity:

Imagine how human relationships have changed over time. Boys and girls reading in the same class may become good friends. This was not possible a hundred years ago. Write a page describing the benefits of better human relationships.

Love and friendship are the two important demands of human life. Human life becomes unlivable in their absence. Though human beings need them badly, true love and friendship are difficult to find. The short song from William Shakespeare’s (1564-1616) play As You Like It laments the absence of true love and friendship in human life.

 

 

2. Now read the lyric and answer the questions that follow:

Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man’s ingratitude;
Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen,
Although thy breath be rude.
Heigh-ho! sing heigh-ho!
unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning,
most loving mere folly:
Then heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
That dost not bite so nigh As benefits forgot:
Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp As friend remembered not.
High-ho! sing heigh-ho! unto the green holly…

 

 

 

3. Answer the following questions:

a. Why does the poet call the winter wind “unkind”?

b. What is worse than the winter wind?

c. Why does the poet imagine that the wind has tooth?

d. What has got sharper tooth than the winter wind?

e. Can the wind breathe? Why does the poet say that the wind’s breath is rude?

f. What is the poet’s observation about friendship and love?

g. Why does the poet find the sky bitter?

h. What kind of people forget received benefits?

i. What makes the sting of the sky sharp?

 

 

Details about Love And Friendship – English Grammar :