Participles English Grammar This is the first class of the English course “English (65712)”. This course is part of the Polytechnic discipline of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB). As the polytechnic and Class 11 and Class 12 syllabus is similar, this class will be useful for HSC Class 11, and Class 12 students. This class is also part of BCS Preparation as the first topic of the BCS Preliminary Syllabus. Therefore this class will be useful for everyone who is preparing for any kind of job or admission exam in Bangladesh.

 

Participles English Grammar

 

A participle is a word derived from a verb that can be used as an adjective or to form certain verb tenses. There are two main types of participles:

• Past participles (typically ending in “-ed,” “-en,” “-n,” “-ne,” or “-t”) are used for perfect tenses and passive voice constructions.
• Present participles (always ending in “-ing”) are used for continuous tenses.

 

Andy cleaned up the broken glass.

I saw Kevin running down the street.

Everyone stared at the laughing man.

The words “past” and “present” do not indicate the specific tenses in which participles are used. Both past participles and present participles can be used in the past, present, and future tense. Both are commonly used as adjectives.

 

 

Past participle

The past participles of regular verbs are usually formed by adding the suffix “-ed” (e.g., “walk” becomes “walked”). This is identical to the past simple form of these verbs.

The past participles of irregular verbs don’t follow this pattern. Instead, they often end in “-en,” “-n,” “-ne,” or “-t” (e.g., “kneel” becomes “knelt”). The past participle of an irregular verb is sometimes not the same as the past simple (e.g. “sung” vs. “sang”).

Past participles can be used as adjectives, in participial phrases, and to form perfect verb tenses. They can also be used to form passive sentences (i.e., sentences in which the subject is acted upon).

 

Annoyed by the rude cashier, Dave complained to the manager.

Val has taken my advice.

A speech was given by Tanya.

The perfect verb tenses are formed using a past participle and a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb “have” (e.g., “I had seen,” “she has seen”).

Present participle

Present participles are typically formed by adding “ing” to the end of a verb (e.g., “jump” becomes “jumping”).

Present participles can be used as adjectives, as part of participial phrases, and to form continuous verb tenses.

 

Addressing the students, the principal spoke about the value of extracurricular activities.

Deirdre is reading a book about botany.

The continuous verb tenses are formed using a present participle along with a conjugated form of the verb “be” (e.g., “I was eating,” “she is smiling”).

 

 

 

Perfect participle

Perfect participles are used to describe something that occurred before the action described in the main clause. They’re formed by combining the present participle of the verb “have” (i.e., “having”) with a past participle.

Having read the instructions, Malik could fix the coffee machine.

Having enjoyed the main course, Fia ordered dessert.

Gerund vs. participle

Present participles and gerunds are identical in appearance (they both use the “-ing” form of a verb), but they have different grammatical functions. While present participles are used in verb tenses and as adjectives, gerunds function only as nouns.

Cycling in a city can be dangerous.

Lisa enjoys traveling.

Participial phrase

A participial phrase is a phrase headed by a participle that functions as an adjective. If a participial phrase comes at the beginning of a sentence, it should be followed by a comma. If it comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off by commas unless it provides essential information.

 

Driving to work, Neve listened to an audiobook.

The man taking notes is my aide.

Inga, ignoring the doorbell, continued to watch TV.

Dangling participle

A dangling participle is a grammatical error caused by a participle or participial phrase that modifies the wrong subject. This occurs when the wrong noun or pronoun is placed next to a participial phrase.

To fix a dangling participle, you can either:

• Place the correct subject immediately after the participial phrase
• Rewrite the participial phrase to include the subject

• Looking out the window, the mountain was beautiful.
• Looking out the window, I saw the beautiful mountain.

• Walking on the beach, the tide came in.
• As Sarah was walking on the beach, the tide came in.

In the first example, the mistake wrongly suggests that the mountain was looking out the window. In the second, it suggests that the tide was walking on the beach. Rephrasing makes the intended meaning clearer in both cases.

 

 

Details about Participles English Grammar – English Grammar :

 

 

 

Types Of Sentence This is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

Types Of Sentence

 

Learning how to write and speak good sentences is the key to your success as a powerful English communicator. However, this does not mean that you can use sentences in a similar form throughout your speech or writing. That will only make it too monotonous and uninteresting. So, to help you make your speech and writing interesting, this article will help you with the different types of sentences along with examples.

The Sentence Types in English Grammar

The English language gives every learner the liberty to make good use of the language in the best possible way. Using different types of sentences will make your speech or writing sound and look well-structured and aid you in getting your thoughts and ideas across to your target audience in a clear and effective manner. This will also allow you to express your emotions and let your readers experience what you want them to experience.

The Four Different Types of Sentences

There are four different kinds of sentences in English grammar and they are as follows:

Declarative or Assertive Sentence – A declarative or assertive sentence is a sentence that is informative and ends with a period or a full stop.

Examples:

• I like fantasy novels.
• There is a white house around the corner.

Imperative Sentence – An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a command, an order, or a request.

Examples:

• Please pick up the notes when you come.
• Close the door.

Interrogative Sentence – An interrogative sentence is one that is used to question something and it ends with a question mark.

Examples:

• What is the name of the movie you were watching?
• Can I come with you to the book fair?

Exclamatory Sentence – An exclamatory sentence is one which is used to express sudden and strong emotions, and it ends with an exclamation mark. You can also use interjections to form exclamatory sentences.

Examples:

• Wow, how good this is!
• That was a great match!

Tag Question is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

Tag Question

 

Introduction

A tag question is a small question that is attached, or “tagged”, to the end of a sentence. Rather than repeat the main verb, a form of “be” or other auxiliary verb or modal is used in the tag. Below are a few examples.

You came by train, didn’t you?
It’s very windy today, isn’t it?
You can meet me at the station, can’t you?
You couldn’t give me a ride, could you?

 

 

Sentence Pattern

 

 

Twelve Rules for Tag Questions

Using Tag Questions

 

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Synonym and Antonym This is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

Synonym and Antonym

 

As you work with your draft, you will want to pay particular attention to the words you have chosen. Do they express exactly what you are trying to convey? Can you choose better, more effective words? Familiarity with synonyms and antonyms can be helpful in answering these questions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Details about Synonym and Antonym – English Grammar :

 

 

Suffix and Prefix This is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

Suffix and Prefix

 

The English language contains an enormous and ever-growing number of words. Enhancing your vocabulary by learning new words can seem overwhelming, but if you know the common prefixes and suffixes of English, you will understand many more words.

Mastering common prefixes and suffixes is like learning a code. Once you crack the code, you can not only spell words more correctly but also recognize and perhaps even define unfamiliar words.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Details about Suffix & Prefix – English Grammar :

 

Right Form Of Verbs This is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

Right Form Of Verbs

 

The verbs are the most variable element of the sentences. The right form of verb encompasses most of the grammatical rules of English language. Every element of a sentence eventually relates to the verb. The verbs appear differently in a sentence on the basis of their subjects (subject-verb agreement), tenses, moods, voices, different structures, modals, etc.

Forms of Verbs:

Base Past Past Participle Present Participle Gerund (noun) Infinitive

Do, work, love Did, worked, loved Done, worked, loved Doing, working, loving Doing, working, loving To do, to work, to love

be (am, is, are) –  (was, were) been being – – – – to be

have had had having   to have

 

Note: Participles (without auxiliaries), infinitives, and gerunds do not work as the verb in a sentence. Gerunds work as nouns, but participles and infinitives work as adjectives/adverbs.

 

Rules:

Rule 1:

Subject-verb agreement: the verbs are customarily followed by the subjects, and they must agree with the subjects according to their number and person. See the rules of the Subject-Verb Agreement.

Rule 2:

The variability of the verbs mostly depends on the different tenses of the sentences. A form of verbs depends on the time the actions have been performed. See the structures and details of The Present Tense, The Past Tense, and The Future Tense.

 

 

Rule 3:

The verbs are also related to the structures of different sentences and clauses. A clause has only one verb. In fact, a clause cannot contain more than one finite verb but can have participles (without auxiliaries), infinitives, and gerunds.

Example:

• I wanted ^{(main verb)} to go ^(infinitive) to the wedding.
• Swimming^(gerund) is^(verb) a good exercise to keep ^(infinitive) your body fit and healthy.
• Pray ^(verb) for the departed ^{(past participle)}
• Don’t get^(verb) down from a running^{(present participle)} bus.

Rule 4:

Clauses can be connected by conjunctions and connectors. Some connectors take some specific forms of verbs. Conditionals use the conjunction if and it has some different sentence structures. See conditionals.

Rule 5:

The connector since has two usages.

1. If since is used to indicate a cause, the verbs of the two clauses will be of the same tense.

Example:

• I didn’t go since you didn’t come.
• Since you were busy, I didn’t disturb you.

2. If since is used to indicate time, the verb of the second clause will be different from the first.

Example:

• We haven’t seen^{(present perfect)} each other since he left^{(simple past)}.
• It has been 20 years since he played football.
• 20 years passed^{(simple past)} since we had met^{(past perfect)}.
• I could not sleep well for a single night since you had left me.

Rule 6:

No sooner had, hardly had, scarcely had, etc. are the adverbials that require a past perfect tense and a past indefinite tense for the sentence.

Example:

• No sooner had I reached home than she left.
• Scarcely had the police reached when the man died.
• Hardly had I finished writing before the teacher ordered to stop writing.

Rule 7:

Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, so) and although/though, as, because, till/until, when, whenever, as soon as, while, which, what, that, etc. connect two clauses that have the verbs of the same tense.

Example:

• We went to London when we were young.
• I got up, and he left the room.
• As soon as I came here, he greeted me.
• I could not go there because I was sick.

Rule 8:

Conjunctions after and before are used to connect two clauses which use past perfect tense and past simple. The past perfect tense always comes with a clause of simple past tense. See the past perfect tense for details and examples.

 

 

 

Rule 9:

The conjunction lest requires a modal should in the following clause regardless of the tense of the first clause.

Example:

• Run faster lest you should miss the bus.
• He will work hard lest he should get fired.
• He worked hard lest he should get fired.

Rule 11:

Modals always take the base form of the verbs after them. See Modals for details.

Rule 12:

The clause ‘it is time’ or ‘it is high time’ requires a verb in the simple past if there is a clause after it.

It is high time + subject + simple past. . . .

It was high time + subject + past perfect . . .

It is high time + infinitive . . . . . . .

 Example:

• It is high time you studied attentively.
• It is time to study attentively. (You can replace the clause with an infinitive removing the subject)
• It was high time we returned home. (It was high time requires past perfect tense)

Rule 13:

The conjunction as if/as though takes simple past/past perfect tense in the following clause.

Subject + simple present + as if/ as though + subject + past simple

Subject + simple past + as if/ as though + subject + past perfect

Example:

• Robert talks as if he were the prince. (Were is the only ‘be verb’ in this kind of sentence)
• Latham played as though he had seen the ball very clearly.
• I slept as if I had been dead.
• He behaves as if he were her husband.

Rule 14:

Prepositions, articles, and possessives are always followed by nouns or gerund forms of verbs.

Example:

• He is keen on moving to California.
• I am thinking about doing the job.
• Alex insisted on going out then.

Rule 15:

To is the only preposition that takes the base form of the verb. However, there are some phrases with to being at the end of them, which require the gerund form of the verbs.

With a view to, look forward to, being accustomed to, being used to, admit to, confessed to

Example:

• He went there with a view to confessing his crimes.
• I am looking forward to meeting the princess.
• I was used to sleeping at this hour of the day.
• He confessed to stealing that phone.

 

 

Rule 16:

To be, being, having, getting, etc. are generally followed by the past participle form of the verbs and other adjectives.

Example:

• Being tired, he took some time off from work.
• He became astonished at being robbed in the daylight.
• John went to the bazaar having eaten a burger.
• He wanted to be educated.

Rule 17:

The causative verbs always take the next verb in its base form. See causative verbs and their usages.

HAVE – GET – MAKE  – HELP – LET

*Note: Get takes the next verb as infinitives/past participle.

Example:

• I had him wash the dishes.
• He makes me do all the work.
• He got me to make his dinner.
• I got the glass broken.
• Let him help her finish the assignment.

Rule 18:

The base form of the verb is also used in the clauses that use the subjunctive mood. Some certain verbs + the conjunction that requires the next clause to use the subjunctive mood and the clause uses the base form of the verb in it.

The verbs are:

Advise – demand – prefer – require – ask – insist Propose – stipulate – command – recommend  Suggest – decree – order – request – urge – move

Structure:

Subject + the verbs of the above box (any tense) + THAT + subject + base verb + .  .  .  .  .

Example:

• He insisted that I stay at home.
• The office requires that we complete our work timely.
• She commanded that he stop making excuses for being late.
• I recommend that you wake up early.

Note: There are some clauses also that require the verb of the next clause to be in base form.

The clauses are:

It is/was + past participle form of the verb of the above box + THAT It is/was urgent + THAT It is/was necessary + THAT It is/was important + THAT

Example:

• It is important that you invite him.
• It was necessary that I make a fence.
• It was recommended that you meet the principal.

Rule 19:

Since a single clause cannot take two verbs, it usually converts the additional verbs to complements by making them infinitives participles, or gerunds.

– Some verbs always take the additional verbs as a complement by making them infinitives.

Verbs followed by the INFINITIVES

agree – desire – hope – plan – attempt – claim – decide – demand – expect – intend – prepare – tend – fail – learn – pretend – want – wish – refuse – need – forget – hesitate – offer – seem

Example:

• He agreed to do the job.
• He desires to go to Disneyland.
• I want to work with you.
• He failed to understand my words.

Verbs followed by the GERUNDS

appreciate – admit – delay – miss – report – suggest – deny – postpone – resent – avoid – enjoy – practice – resist – can’t help – finish – quit – resume – consider – mind – recall – risk

Example:

• He admitted doing the crime.
• We enjoyed riding the boat.
• I can’t help loving you despite your stupidity.
• Would you mind opening the door for me?

 

 

Details about Right Form of Verbs – English Grammar :

 

 

what are Infinitives This is part of the polytechnic English course “English (65712)”. As the polytechnic and HSC, English 2nd Paper curriculum is similar, this class will be helpful for those who are preparing their Class 11 English 2nd paper and Class 12 English 2nd Paper. This class is also useful for contestants preparing for competitive exams like BCS Preparation, University Admission, Bank Jobs, etc.

 

what are Infinitives

 

Infinitives are a special form of verbs that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. They are usually made by adding the word to before the base verb, and they can be useful when discussing actions without actually doing the action, such as “I want to go home,” or “To err is human.”

The infinitive form is crucial to English and many other languages, but the grammar rules for infinitives can be tricky. In this guide, we explain all about the different types of infinitives and how to use them, including clear infinitive examples so you can see how they work.

 

 

What is an infinitive, and what is its function?

Infinitives are a form of verb that allows the word or a group of words to be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Every type of verb can be put into the infinitive form, even phrasal verbs.

Usually, infinitives are formed by adding the word to before the base form of the verb, as in to be, but sometimes the base form of the verb is used alone (we explain more in the next section).

The purpose of infinitives is to discuss an action in general instead of a specific instance of the action being done. For example, take a look at these two sentences:

I need to win. 

Today, we win. 

The first sentence uses the infinitive form of the verb win as a noun; the main verb of the sentence is actually “need.” The second sentence uses the standard form of win as an actionable verb. In the first sentence with the infinitive, the action of “winning” is not actually done; the sentence simply discusses the idea of winning.  The second sentence, however, describes the action of winning.

 

 

What are the types of infinitives?

There are two main types of infinitives: full infinitives and bare infinitives. Below, we explain when and how to use each.

Full infinitives

Full infinitives, also known as to-infinitives, are the most common infinitives in writing. You can create a full infinitive by taking the base form of a verb and adding to in front of it. For example, the verb be—which is often conjugated to is, are, was, were, etc.—becomes the full infinitive to be, as in Shakespeare’s famous infinitive example from Hamlet:

To be or not to be . . .

Bare infinitives

Bare infinitives, also known as zero infinitives, are formed without to—you simply use the base form of a verb within a sentence. As you can imagine, this gets confusing, but thankfully bare infinitives are less common than full infinitives.

 

How do you use an infinitive?

While we already covered the main uses for both infinitive forms, there is some infinitive grammar that we haven’t covered yet. Below, we explain three key areas for understanding infinitive grammar: split infinitives, passive infinitives, and continuous infinitives.

 

 

Details about infinitives – English Grammar :