Today is our topic of discussion- Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction
Rules of Correcting Sentence or Correction
ইংরেজি বাক্য গঠন করার সময় যেসব বিষয়ে শিক্ষার্থীরা ভুল করে থাকে তা ভালভাবে খেয়াল করা প্রয়োজন। ভুল হবার বিশেষ বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রগুলোর দিকে যদি আগে থেকে একটু মনোযোগ দেয়ার অভ্যাস থাকে তাহলে বাক্য গঠন করার সময় ভুল এড়ানো সম্ভব হয়। শিক্ষার্থীরা প্রধানত দুই ভাবে ভুল করে থাকে :
(i) Word-এর ব্যবহারজনিত ভুল
(II) বাক্যের গঠনরূপ বা structure জনিত ভুল ।
নিচে এ বিষয়ে বিশদ আলোচনা করা হল :
1.elther ও neither প্রত্যেকে দু’টির মধ্যে একটি বুঝায়, তবে either-এর পরিবর্তে। anyone এবং neither এর পরিবর্তে no one বা none বসে। যেমন- Inc. Either of the three boys will do. Cor: Anyone of the three boys will do. Inc: Neither of the three things will do. Cor: None of the three things will do.
2।কতগুলো Latin comparative degree-এর পূর্বে more বসে না এদের পরে than না হয়ে to Junior senior, inferior, superior etc. Inc. He is superior than Rahim.
Cor: He is superior to Rahim.
Inc. Alam is junior than him.
Cor: Alam is junior to him.
Inc. Bread is inferior than rice.
Cor: Bread is inferior to rice.
3।Complement দ্বারা কোন sentence গঠিত হলে এর পূর্বে কখনও as ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-
Inc: Karim was appointed as Headmaster.
Cor: Karim was appointed Headmaster.
Inc: They elected Kader as their captain.
Cor: They elected Kader their captain.
4.English
know verb- object, infinitive, infinitive-how
যেমন-
Inc: 1 know to swim.
Cor: I know how to swim.
Cor: 1 know swimming.
Inc: He knows to write.
Cor: He knows how to write.
Cor: He knows writing.
5. Present perfect tense-এর মধ্যে যদি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের কথা হলেখ থাকে তবে তা present perfect tense Past indefinite Tense.
Inc: The man has died at 2. p.m.
Cor: The man died at 2. p.m.
Inc: He has come here yesterday.
Cor: He came here yesterday.
6.মানুষের পরিবর্তে other ব্যবহৃত হয় কিন্তু কোন বস্তু বা স্থানের পরিবর্তে হয় না। যেমন-
Ine: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and others. Cor: We will buy paper, shirt, pen, shoe and other things.
7. এক জাতীয় বহু পদার্থের তুলনা করলে than-এর পরে all other বা any other বসাতে হয়। যেমন-
Inc: Kalidas was greater than all poets.
Cor: Kalidas was greater than all other poets.
8. Full যখন জন্য একটি word-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয় এখন শুধু শেষের L টি বাদ দিয়ে দিতে হয়। দমন-
Inc: The cow is a usefull animal.
Cor: The cow is a useful animal.
9. ইংরেজি বাক্যের ধর্ম অনুযায়ী একই বাক্যে double negative ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে না। তাছাড়া adverts গুলো নিজেরাই negative-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই আর নতুন করে negative করার দরকার নেই। (never, nobody, hardly, scarcely, no more, nothing, until, unless, not neither, seldom)
Inc: Don’t never make a noise in the class.
Cor: Never make a noise in the class. Inc: I did not see nobody in the field.
Cor: 1 saw nobody in the field.
10. যখন কোন sentence-এ মিনিট হলে- থাকে তখন ‘O’clock বসে না। মিনিট হলে O clock
Ine: I shall start by the 6-30 O’clock train.
Cor: I shall start by the 6-30 train
Inc: I shall start by the 5 train. Cor: I shall start by the 5 O’clock train.
11. ‘with’ বা দু’টি subject যুক্ত হলে with এর পূর্বের subject অনুযায়ী verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন- Inc: The president with all his advisers were present in the meeting. Cor: The president with all his advisers was present in the meeting.
12. সমজাতীয় একাধিক noun বা pronoun-কে যদি and দ্বারা যুক্ত করে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে verb singular হয়। যেমন-
Ine Slow and steady win the race.. Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.
13. sentence- subject noun. pronoun- sentence এই noun, pronoun-এর verb-এর number 5 person বসাতে হয়। যেমন-
Inc A large number of boys was present in the class. Cor: A large number of boys were present in the class.
14. কোন বাক্যে একজন থাকলে তার জন্য positive degree, দুইজন থাকলে তার জন্য comparative degree এর অধিক হলে superlative degree Inc: He is a better student.
Cor: He is a good student.
Inc: Sumon is good than his brother. .
Cor: Sumon is better than his brother Inc: He is better boy in this class.
Cor: He is the best boy in this class..
15. Comparative degree -এর ক্ষেত্রে পূর্ববর্তী কোন noun-কে বোঝাতে পরবর্তী pronoun-এর সাথে ‘s’ যুক্ত হয়। যদি noun পূর্বে হলেখ না থাকে তবে সেক্ষেত্রে ” বসবে না। অর্থাৎ টা অর্থে হলে second person-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়। যেমন- Ine: His report is better than your. Cor: His report is better than yours.
16. সাধারণত সহোদর নয় এমন লোকদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে older এবং সহোদর ভাই/বোনদের মধ্যে বড় বোঝাতে elder ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে বড় বোঝাতে superlative degree eldest ব্যবহৃত হয়। সহোদরদের মধ্যে ছোট বোঝাতে yourger এবং সবচেয়ে ছোট বোঝাতে youngest ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
Inc: He is our younger brother. Cor: He is the youngest brother of us.
17. In এবং after-এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে মনে রাখতে হবে যে, in म সম future tense এবং after সব সময় past tense-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
যেমন- Ine: They will answer after a month. Cor: They will answer in a month.
18. পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কযুক্ত conjunction relative conjunction এ ক্ষেত্রে সব সময় একই clause, parts of speech phrase: Inc: He is as famous like Browning. Cor: He is as famous as Browning.
19. very much এর ব্যবহার এর ক্ষেত্রে লক্ষণীয় যে, very সব সময় present participle পূর্বে এ much সব সময় past participle এর পূর্বে বসে। যেমন-
Inc: The story is much interesting. Cor: The story is very interesting.
20. fancy, wish, as though, as if, high time of past tense
Inc fancy that the tempest stops soon. Cor: I fancy that the tempest would stop soon.
21. each every noun qualified verb singular number হবে। যেমন-
Inc: Every gentleman and every lady are given prize. Cor: Every gentleman and every lady is given a prize.
22 same such এর ব্যবহারের ক্ষেত্রে কিছু পার্থক্য দেখা যায়। same-এর পরে as এবং মাঝে মাঝে that বসে কিশত such-এর পরে সর্বদা as বসে। যেমন-
Inc: You lost the same book which I lost.
Cor: You lost the same book as I lost.
23. Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত adjective বা participle-কে আলাদা বা সম্পর্কহীন রাখা চলে না। যেমন- Ine: Though much depressed, there is still hope for her. Cor: Though she is much depressed, there is still hope for her.
24. of verb – see, feel, mind, love, hate, like, hope, resemble, cost, forget, consist, suffice, sound, sum, believe, smell, wish, know, prefer. doubt, possess, imagine, taste, fear, please, astonish, understand, belong প্রভৃতি verb-এর কখনো continuous tense হয় না। যেমন- Inc: I am seeing a bird.
Cor: I see a bird.
25. সংখার ধারণা বোঝাতে comparative-এ fewer এবং পরিমাপের ধারণা বোঝাতে less ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
যেমন- Inc: No less than four eggs were broken. Cor: No fewer than four eggs were broken.
26. যেমনটি person is a sentence-4 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4 fa person- তবে ভাগ কাজ অর্থাৎ positive কাজ বোঝাতে 231 – 2nd 3rd Ist person বসে এবং মন্দ বা negative কাজ বোঝালে 132 অর্থাৎ 1st, 3rd 2nd person বসে। যেমন-
Ine: 1, he and you have helped the victims. Cor: You, he and I have helped the victims.
Inc: You, he and I are to be blamed.
Cor: 1, he and you are to be blamed.
27. one of ব্যবহার করে কোন বৃহৎ অংশের কোন portion বা অংশ বোঝালে সেক্ষেত্রে পরের noun বা pronoun plural noun
Inc: One of the student was sick.
Cor: One of the students was sick.
28. একই noun বা pronoun অর্থাৎ একই subject যখন একই সাথে দুটি কাজ করবে বা দুটি গুণের অধিকারী হবে, শুধু তখনই ঐ দুই গুণ বা verb-এর সম্পর্ক স্থাপনে not only but also ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-
Inc: Not only he is a good student but also a good debater. Cor: He is not only a good student but also a good debater.
29. had better, had sooner, had rather sfs phrase sentence- FOTO পরবর্তী verb, principal verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমন-
Inc: We had better to leave this place. Cor: We had better leave this place.
30. f f f word to information, furniture, scenery, poetry, hair, machinery, off-spring ইত্যাদি সবসময় sentenced singular verb গ্রহণ করে। যেমন- Inc: The machinery imported from Japan work well.
Cor: The machinery imported from Japan works well.
31. Hardly, lest, until, unless, scarcely, none, nobody, no where negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। সুতরাং এগুলোর সাথে not, no, do not ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা ঠিক ন
Inc: I have not hardly any money. Cor: I have hardly any money.
নিম্নে কিছু উদাহরণ হলেখ করা হলঃ
Examples
In: She loves flowers.
Cor: She likes flowers.
Inc: She prides on her beauty.
Cor: She prides herself on her beauty.
Inc: The standard of their life is very high.
Cor: The standard of their living is very high.
Inc: She is neither seen to act or sing.
Cor: She is neither seen to act nor heard to sing.
Inc: She has given birth to a child.
Cor: She has begot a child.
Inc: Completing my work. I went out.
Cor: Having completed my work. I went out.
Inc: She is one of those who is not able to say no.
Cor: She cannot refuse.
Inc: One of our family members is invited there.
Cor: One of the members of our family is invited there.
Ine: My son is ill this week.
Cor: My son has been ill all this week.
Inc: She will combat with my view. Cor: She will oppose my view.
Inc: She is comparatively better today.
Cor: She is better today.
Inc: He will come just now.
Cor: He has come just now.
Inc: I have read a poetry.
Cor: I have read a piece of poetry.
Inc: Kamal is deaf of hearing.
Cor: Kamal is short of hearing or hard of hearing.
Inc: Bread and butter are my breakfast.
Cor: Bread and butter is my breakfast
Inc: He takes his meal there.
Cor: He takes his meals there.
Inc: Don’t loose your heart.
Cor: Don’t loose heart.
Cor: He is selected chairman .
Inc: Shortly this is what happened.
Cor: In short this is what happened.
Inc: Describe the incident in short.
Cor: Describe the incident in brief.
Inc: He is too strong to do this.
Cor: He is strong enough to do this.
Inc: 1 feel somewhat well.
Cor: I am pretty well.
Inc: Karim is somewhat tall for this age.
Cor: Karim is rather tall for this age.
Inc: You are hearing the sound.
Cor: You hear the sound.
Inc: He is waiting for a week.
Cor: He has been waiting for a week.
Inc: The party is comprised of ten man.
Cor: The party comprises ten man.
Inc: It is a true fact.
Cor: It is a fact.
Inc: So far I know he is an innocent.
Cor: So far as I know he is innocent.
Inc: The food was very tasteful.
Cor: The food was very tasty.
Inc: What name shall I call you?
Cor: By what name shall I call you?
Inc: None of us are perfect.
Cor: None of us is perfect.
Inc: Our teacher will not take the class today.
Cor: Our teacher will not hold the class today.
Inc: Airport is busy place.
Cor: Airport is a busy place.
Inc: Taking our seats, the game started.
Cor: While we were taking our seats, the game started.
Inc: When four years old. Paul’s father died.
Cor: While four years old. Paul’s father died.
Inc: Each of the actors made their entrance on time.
Cor: Each of the actors made his entrance in time.
Inc: Sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camels look very tiny.
Cor: While I was sitting on the top of the pyramid, the camel looked small.
Inc: Before I arrived, they had a serious quarrel.
Cor: Before I reached, they had a serious quarrel.
Inc: He rides on a horse.
Cor: He rides a horse.
Inc: Are you going to join in the meeting?
Cor: Are you going to join the meeting?
Inc: He is neither a poet nor dramatist.
Cor: He is neither a poet nor a dramatist. four years.
Inc: He is senior than you in
Cor: He is senior to you by four years.
Inc: You should refrain to smoke.
Cor: You should refrain from smoking.
Inc: He is quite in dark.
Cor: He is quite in the dark.
Inc: There is no place in the bench.
Cor: There is no room in the bench.
Inc My friend will come this day evening.
Cor: My friend will come this evening.
Inc Matin lives in a boarding.
Cor: Matin lives in a boarding house.
Inc: We shall discuss on the matter.
Cor: We shall discuss the matter.
Inc: He is fond of vegetable.
Cor: He is fond of vegetables.
Inc: See the word in the dictionary.
Cor: Look up the word in the dictionary.
Ine: Many a man were present there.
Cor: Many a man was present there.
Inc: He shook my hands.
Cor: He shook hands with me.
Inc: It’s a long time since we have met last.
Cor: It’s a long time since we met last.
Inc: This is the last but one question.
Cor: This is the last question but one.
Inc: My father is good in health.
Cor: My father is in good health.
Inc: We have not reached a final conclusion,
Cor: We have not reached a conclusion.
Inc: I have fewer than one hundred taka
Cor: I have less than one hundred taka.
Inc: He insists me to do this.
Cor: He insists on my doing this.
Inc: I cannot approve the proposal.
Cor: I cannot approve of the proposal.
Inc: He is resembling to his father.
Cor: He resembles his father.
Inc: She saw a bad dream last night.
Cor: She dreamt a bad dream last night.
Inc: I consider you as my brother.
Cor: I consider you my brother.
Inc: Open page seven.
Cor: Open at page seven.
Inc: One should perform his duties.
Cor: One should perform one’s duties.
Inc: She prefers to sing than to dance
Cor: She prefers singing to dancing.
Inc: He ordered for coffee.
Cor: He ordered coffee.
Inc: I will mend my pencil.
Cor: I will sharpen my pencil.
Inc: I am forbidden from going there.
Cor: I am forbidden to go there.
Ine: He has taken admission into college.
Cor: He has got admitted into college.
Inc: Slow and steady win the race.
Cor: Slow and steady wins the race.
Inc: I want the criminal to punish.
Cor: I want the criminal to be punished,
Inc: You cannot help to do this.
Cor: You cannot help doing this.
Inc: I have turned every stone to get a job.
Cor: I have left no stone unturned to get a job.
Inc: I will go out for a business.
Cor: I will go out for a piece of business,
Inc: I have no pen to write.
Cor: I have no pen to write with. Inc:
I will speak to the concerned officer.
Cor: I will speak to the officer concerned.
Inc: It is time we start our mission.
Cor: It is time we started our mission.
Inc: I was born in a village.
Cor: I was born in a village.
Inc: The clock has struck twelve hours.
Cor: The clock has struck twelve.
Inc: I wish I was a bird.
Cor: I wish I were a bird.
Inc The reason of his absence was due to illness.
Cor: His absence is due to illness.
Inc: He gave me thank.
Cor: He gave me thanks.
Inc: He talks as if he is mad.
Cor: He talks as if he were mad.
Inc: The director brainwashed the freshmen.
Cor: The director briefed the freshmen
Inc: They do not keep no records.
Cor: They keep no records.
Inc: I will not leave you go today.
Cor: I will not let you go today.
Inc: I could not hardly quit then.
Cor: I could hardly quit then.
Inc: He bought many furnitures.
Cor: He bought a lot of furniture,
Inc: This is a new discovery to us.
Cor: This is a discovery to us.
Inc: He said that he will support me.
Cor: He said that he would support me.
Inc: She says good English.
Cor: She speaks good English.
Inc: If you study regularly, you pass.
Cor: If you study regularly, you will pass in the examination.
Inc: Rekha has resigned from her post
Cor: Rekha has resigned her post
Inc: When one cannot swim you fear deep water.
Cor: The person who cannot swim fears deep water.
Inc: Rony was willing to pay the bill, and his purse was empty.
Cor: Rony was willing to pay the bill but his purse was empty.
Inc: A loud radio does not detract me when I am reading a good novel.
Cor: A loud radio does not distract me when I am reading a good novel.