Category Archives: Curriculum

A curriculum is a structured framework that outlines the content, skills, and competencies to be taught and learned in an educational or training setting. Rooted in educational theory and pedagogical research, curricula serve as roadmaps for educators and learners, providing a clear direction on topics to be covered, objectives to be achieved, and assessment methods to gauge progress. While traditionally associated with formal schooling, curricula are present in various forms across different levels of education, from early childhood programs to higher education and professional training. Developing and revising a curriculum often involve carefully considering societal needs, technological advances, and emerging knowledge areas. It is a dynamic tool, continually evolving to address the shifting needs of learners and the broader context in which they will apply their knowledge and skills.

BUB BAE 2207 English - Oral Communication and Study Skills, Description of Places / Buildings

Description of places/buildings

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Today our topic of discussion is-Description of places/buildings

Description of places/buildings

Sometimes we describe a place or a building that we’ve visited. In this lesson you will see the language of giving description of a place or a building.

Objectives

After completing this lesson you’ll be able to: describe the beauty and grandeur of a place recall the key points of a description find out necessary information about a place.

Situation : To Visit a Place.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:  visit, arch, dome, trip, gateway, reception hall, preserve, ornamental, Darber hall, palace, facade, banquet hall, vast, decoration, pattern, moat, plaster work, sculpture, boundary, hemispherical, fitting, chandeliers, feudal lord, ancient Rupam and Sohel are friends.

Rupam went to Rajshahi with his parents lastweek. There he visited the “Uttara Gono-Bhabon.” He now describes the palace to Sohel.

 

 

Dialogue:

Sohel:So, you went to Rajshahi. How did you enjoy the trip

Rupam: That was nice, especially our visit to Dighapatiya.

Sohel: Dighapatiya?

Rupam: O yes, you see it’s only a couple of miles north-east of Natore town. What’s so interesting about the place?

Sohel: Well, perhaps the best preserved palace in Bangladesh is at Dighapatiya. You see, it is now maintained as the “Uttara Gano-Bhabon” or the Government House of the northern region of Bangladesh.

Rupam: O, I’ve heard of “Uttara Gano-Bhahon”. Tell me more

Sohel: about it. Ok! The palace was built by the Maharaja of Dighapatiya. The total area of the palace covers about 50 acres of land. It is protected by a moat and a high boundary wall. The main entrance is on the east through an imposing four-storeyed arched gateway. In front of this gateway there are ornamental grills guarding .

Rupam: pathway which connects the high palm-lined main approach road.

Sohel: Interesting.

Rupam:  The main palace is single storeyed. The facade of the palace is picturesquely relieved with floral decoration in plasterwork. A hemispherical dome was placed on the central lofty hall in 1967.

Sohel : Did you go inside the palace?

Rupam: O, Yes. The main palace consists of nine bed rooms. It also has one reception hall, one banquet hall and a darbar Sohel hall. The entire floor of the reception hall is covered with patterned black and white marble.

Sohel : Is the palace like a museum?

Rupam: Well, the palace still had many of the original pieces preserved, such as sculptures made of bronze and marble. There are also furniture, fittings, chandeliers, flower vases and soon. These all depict the life style of the feudal lords of that time.

I always like to visit ancient and historical places. This trip added to my enjoyment. I’m planning to go thereSohelagain in the coming vacation.

Sohel : Are you? Then I won’t miss the chance. Let’s make plans for that.

Rupam: O’ that will be great

 

 

Review Questions  : Tick (√) the correct answer.

1. Rupam visited

A. Daulatdia

B. Dighapatiya

C.Debiganj

D.Dohar

2.Dighapatiya is near Natore town, only a couple of miles:

A. North-south

B.North-west

C.North-east

D. South-east

3.Dighapatiya is an interesting place to visit because of the

A. Palace

B.River

C.Surrounding

D.Library

4.The palace is now maintained as the

A. Uttara Bhabon

B.Uttara Town

C.Uttara Gano Bhabon

D.Palace of Dighapatiya

5.It is also known as the

A. Government House

B. Governor’s House

C.Government’s House

D.Government Palace

6.The palace was built by the

A. Maharani of Dighapatiya

B. Jamindar of Dighapatiya

C.Raja of Dighapatiya

D. Maharaja of Dighapatiya

7.The Palace area covers about

A. 50 acres of land

B.60 acres of land

C. 15 acres of land

D.55 acres of land

8.It is protected by a moat and a

A. river

B.high boundary wall

C.low boundary wall

D.high arched wall

9.The main entrance gateway which is is on the east through an imposing arched

A. 3 storeyed

B.5 storeyed

C.2 storeyed

D.4 storeyed

10.The main palace is

A. single storeyed

B. 2 storeyed

C.3 storeyed

D. 6 storeyed

11.A hemispherical dome was placed on the central lofty hall in

A. 1960

B. 1962

C.1966

D.1967

12.The main palace consists of

A. 10 bed rooms

B. 19 bed rooms

C. 8 bed rooms

D.9 bed rooms

13.It also has one reception hall and

A. one banquet hall and a Darbar hall

B..one banquet hall and a veranda

C..ne banquet hall and a dining hall

D.one dining hall and a dance floor

14. The entire floor of the reception hall is covered with patterned

A. black and brown marble

B.black and white marble

C.black and white tiles

D.blue and white marble

15.The palace has many of the original pieces preserved such as, sculptures, furniture and

A. fittings, chandeliers, flower vases etc.

B. fittings, chandles, flower vases etc.

C. fittings, candles, crockeries etc.

D. paintings, chandeliers, crockeries etc.

Situation  : Description of a new apartment.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

apartment, floor, drawing room, attached bath rooms, close to. Mr. Khan has moved into his new apartment. He talks about the apartment to Mr. Huq over telephone.

 

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Dialogue:

Mr. Khan: Hello! This is Khan speaking. May I talk to Mr. Huq please?

Mr. Huq : Hello Mr. Khan! Where have you been? I called you

Mr. Khan: several times. I’m sorry. My phone-line was cut off since I’ve changed

Mr. Huq : my house. I’ve shifted to my new apartment last week.

Mr. Khan : Sorry, I couldn’t contact you earlier. It’s okay. You must had real busy days. So, tell me

about your apartment. Where is it?

Mr. Huq :  Well, it’s at Gulshan 2, road 21, building 2. You see it’s near the park. My apartment

building has 12 floors. My apartment is on the 6th floor. It’s a nice one, but it’s not so big. It has

only 2 bedrooms, 2 attached bathrooms, a kitchen and a drawing room.

Mr. Khan: I think, it’s more than enough for just two of you. Yes, that’s true. I like it and it is close to my job.

Mr. Huq : That’s better.

Mr. Khan: : So, are you free this afternoon? Mm….. Yes.

Mr. Huq: Then please join us for a cup of tea.

Mr. Khan:  Thank you very much. I’ll be there in time.

Review Question : Fill in the blanks in the conversation below:

1. Mr. Huq: Tell me about your…

2. Mr. Khan: Well, it’s at Road You see, it’s near the……My apartment has My apartment is on the Its a nice one …but its not so It has only a and a 2 attached.

3.Mr. Khan: Yes hat’s true…. I like it and it is to my…..

Answer key 

Situation  : Review and Test

Situation  Review and Test

1. apartment

2. Gulshan 2/21/building 2/park/building / 12 floors / 6th floor/ big/2 bedrooms/ bathroom/kitchen/drawing room. 3. close / job.

Description of Persons

Description of Persons

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Today our topic of discussion is – Description of Persons

Description of Persons

Everybody has family, friends and colleagues and sometimes we need to describe a family member or a friend or somebody else to another person. In this lesson you will learn the language that could be used while describing someone.

Objectives:

After you complete this lesson you will be able to: describe a person. identify a person and his/her life style from description.

Situation : Conversation between Selim and Rima about Shumon

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

to see, moustache, beard, to wear, blond/dark/curly hair, glasses, not anymore, shirt, sweater, underneath Rima, Selim and Shumon were classmates in the university. They all are now working in different places. One afternoon Selim visits Rima. They are chatting while taking tea.

 

 

Dialogue

Rima: Do you take milk and sugar?

Selim: Milk is alright, but no sugar please.

Rima:That’s it. There you are. O! You’ll never guess whom I met yesterday.

Selim:Who’s that?

Rima: Shumon. Do you remember him?

Selim:: Shumon. O, Shumon with the long hair?

Rima:: No, no. Shumon with the dark, curly hair. You know,

Selim: he’s a real tall fellow. O yes, the tall one. Does he have a mustache?

Rima:: Yes, he does.

Selim:; And does he still have his beard?

Rima: No, not any more. He just has a moustache now. Do you remember him?

Selim: I think so.

Rima: He prefers wearing punjabi most of the time.

Selim:: right. And does he wear glasses?

Rima: Yes, that’s right, when he’s reading, yes he does.

Selim: And he’s working in the library now. Isn’t it?

Rima:Yes, he works in the library.

Selim:  Oh well, why don’t we go and say hello to him one day?

Rima : Yes, that will be a nice gathering.

Situation  Description of O-Shin

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

Japanese, cinema, Australia, pen friend, photography, England, practice, traveling, straight hair, gardening.

Description of O-Shin:

O-Shin is a 25 years old Japanese student. She likes to have pen-friends from around the world so that she can practice her English. She studies Law and English and she wants to pursue her higher studies in the USA. She is going to be a lawyer. She also has interest in psychology.

Her height is medium but she is a bit thin. She has short, black and straight hair. The colour of her eyes are deep brown. She has two brothers and a sister. Her father is a doctor and mother is a teacher in a school.

She likes to watch movies and listen to music. She also has keen interest in traveling. Photography is one of her hobbies. She is an ameteur photographer. She grows different types of roses in her garden. She went to Australia and also to England during vacations with her family.
If you are interested to be O-Shin’s pen-friend you can write her to:

O-Shin Mikio.

PO Box No: 2402

Tokyo, Japan.

 

 

Review Questions : Put a tick (√) in the box to indicate the

1.O-Shin is a girl of correct answer.

A. 20 yrs

B.23 yrs

C. 24 yrs

D. 25 yrs

2.She is from

A. China

B.Japan

c..Jordon

3.She is a

A. teacher in a school

B. student

C. a housewife

D. a movie-star

4. She wants to have a penfriend to

A. practice music

B. practice her English

C. increase the number of her friends

D. have fun.

5.She studies

A. Law and English

B. English and Mathematics

C. English and Japanese

D.English and Physics

6.She’ll pursue her higher studies in the

A. UK

B. Netherlands

C. USA

D. UAE

7.She is of medium height but is a bit

A. flabby

B. thin

C. skinny

D.healthy.

8.She has

A. long, black, straight hair

B. short, brown, straight hair

C.short, black, straight hair

Dshort, black, curly hair

9.Her eyes are

A. deep black

B. brown

C.deep brown

D. black

10Her father is a

A. physician/ doctor

B. physicist

C.psychologist

D. pharmacist

11. She likes

A. movie and music

B. movie and parties

C. music and art

D. music and dramas

12.She is an ameteur

A. painter

B.photographer

C. pianist

D. singer

13. In her garden she grows

A. flowers

B.roses HABCA

C. vegetables

D. different types of plants

14.She has been to

A. Australia and England

B. Austria and England

C. England and Canada

D.Australia and Canada

15.O-Shin’s full name is

A. O-Shin Mikido

B. O-Shin Khan

C.O-Shin Mikio

D. O-Shin Mikito

 

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Situation : Conversation between Salma and Nazma about a family picture.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

fat, old, curly hair, intelligent, slim, long hair, short hair, young Salma and Nazma are friends. Nazma has come to Salma’s house one afternoon. She sees an interesting photograph on Salma’s table. Its a family picture. She asks Nazma about the persons in the photograph.

Dialogue:

Nazma:I guess, this is one family picture of yours. Who are these people?

Salma: O, I’ll show you. Look here at the centre, this handsome old fellow is my grandpa. He was in his 70’s then.

Nazma: O, really?. He doesn’t look that old.

Salma: At the back, that’s Shumon, my eldest cousin. He is also the tallest among all our cousins. Next to him, you see the fat man, that’s Miron uncle. My papa’s younger brother. That real slim boy with the glasses is Rana, my brother.

He never changes, he is always so thin. And see the other boy, with the curly hair? He is the most intelligent among our cousins. Always thinking of new formulae and busy with experiments. You know him although he is younger in the picture.

Nazma: O yes, I know. And this is Pasha bhai isn’t it?

Salma: You got that right. And look at this tiny- tot. It’s

Shima : my younger sister.

Nazma: And who’s that with long hair?

Salma: Guess who!

Nazma: Come on, is that you? Well, that’s surprising that you always had such long hair.

Salma: Well yes. I never wanted a hair-cut. Whenever mum insisted I used to start crying like anything.

Nazma: And the girl with the short hair beside you. Who’s that?

Salma: O, that’s Mina, our friend. You see we were neighbours.

Nazma: She was my best friend.

Salma: You all look so cute in the picture!

Review Questions : Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.

1. At the time of the picture taken grandpa was in his……

2. The tallest boy in the family is Salma’s cousin…….

3.Miron uncle is the youngest uncle who is…….

4. Rana is the cousin who wears _……glasses and is always…..

5. The boy busy with formulae and experiments is…..

6. Pasha has hair……

7. The little girl in the picture is……

8.The girl with the long hair is ….

9. She never wanted a……

10. Salma’s friend Mina has…..

BUB BAE 2207 English - Oral Communication and Study Skills, Review and Test 

Developing Listening Skills Review and Test 

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Today our topic of discussion is-Developing Listening Skills Review and Test

Developing Listening Skills Review and Test

Situation:Conversation between Salma & her Mother

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
Cutting, sewing, pull, scissors, handle, bobbin, thread the needle, open, oil the machine, lid, check, gets stuck, clean Salma’s birthday is on the 24th of February.

Her aunt presented her a piece of cloth. As recently Salma is showing keen interest in cutting and sewing she doesn’t want to go to the tailor for her new dress. She would like to cut it and sew it all by herself. And here she needs her mother’s support because this is the first time she’s going to sew a dress all by herself.

 

 

Dialogue:

Salma: Mother, are you busy?

Mother:  No, not really.

Salma: Well, I would like to make a dress out of this cloth and I
don’t want to go the tailor this time. Would you please
help me make it?

Mother: Good that you are taking a positive step. Yes, I’ll help
you. Can you get me the scissors, please?

Salma: But Mother, you’ll also have to show me how to use the
sewing machine. I don’t know how to operate it.

Mother: Don’t worry. I’ll show you that first.

Salma: Please do.

Mother: OK. here you are. Look here. Here is the lid and the key. You have to open the lid first.

Next you take a reel of thread and place it here on the stand. Now you need to thread the needle. Try to match the colour of the thread with the colour of your cloth.

Salma : How do I thread the needle?

Mother: Well, pull the thread this way to bring it down here through this case. But before you start sewing you must check if there’s enough thread in the bobbin. Without it, you’ll get stuck.

Salma: Mother

Salma: there anything else Mother?

Mother: Yes you have to place your cloth here and move the handle this way. Now, your machine is ready for work.

Salma:: But Mother, what do I do if the machine gets stuck?

Mother: Well, if the machine gets stuck or the handle doesn’t move, you have to pour some oil in the machine. Look, here, specially in these little holes, okay?

Salma: Okay Mother. But how often do I need to oil the machine?

Mother : Well, you’ve to clean and oil the machine regularly and remember when you wish to use it check if everything is all right before you start.

Salma:Thank you so much for the help.

Mother : My pleasure. I am waiting to see you on your new dress.

Review Questions : Fill in the blanks.

1. Salma has developed interest in……and….

2. She doesn’t want to go to the……

3. She would like to it and……., all by…….

4. She would like to make a………

5.Mother asks for….

6.Here is the …..and the…..You have to the lid

7…….you take a reel of thread and it here…..the stand.

8………. you need to thread the needle.

9…the thread this way to bring it….. here ……..this case.

10.Before you start sewing you _…….check if there’s enough thread in the

11. Without it, you’ll get……..

12. You have to…… some oil ….the machine specially
these little holes, OK?

13.You have….. to….. and the machine.

14………if everything is all right, before you start.

 

 

Situation :Direction to a drug store.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
Drug store, nearby, blocks, straight ahead, at the corner

Dialogue:

Pasha: Excuse me. I’m looking for a drug store. Is there one near here?

Munir :Yes, there is one nearby. Its a small drug store, ‘The Medicine Centre’ just three blocks from

here.

Pasha: How do I get there?

Munir : You go straight ahead for two blocks then turn left and go one block further, ‘Medicine

Centre’ is right corner.

Pasha: Do you know if it’s still open?

Munir : Well, it usually doesn’t close before 11 O’clock.

Pasha:Thank you for your help.

Munir : You are welcome.

Review Questions : Circ:le the alphabet corresponding the answer that you find correct.

1. Pasha is looking for a

а. grocery shop

b. drug store

C. pastry shop

d. cold storage

2.The drug store is called

a.The Medicine Corner

b. The Medical Corner

C.The Medicine Centre

d. The Medicine Store

3.The drug store is just

a.4 blocks from here

b. 3 blocks from here

C.3 buildings from here

d. 3 streets from here

4.First you have to

a. turn right

b. go straight ahead one block

C. turn left

d. go straight ahead 2 blocks

5.The Medicine Centre is usually open till

a. 10:30 P.M

b. 11 O’clock

C.10 O’clock

d. mid night

Situation : Searhing a room.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
reception, elevator, floor, straight.

Dialogue:

Mishu : Excuse me. I’ve an appointment with Mr. Pasha at 6-00. What’s his room number please?

Receptionist: O, yes. He is waiting for you, Sir. His room number is 920.

Mishu : Could you tell me how to get there?

Receptionist: Sure. You take the elevator to the 9th floor. It’s the first room on the right. That’s room 920.

Mishu : Where is the elevator?

Receptionist: Go straight along the hall to its end, the elevator is on your left, right beside the stairs.

Mishu: Thank you.

Receptionist : Thank you, Sir.

Review Questions : Fill in the blanks.

1. Mishu:…..I’ve an appointment with Mr…….. What’s his number, please?

2.Receptionist: O yes. He is waiting for you sir. His room no is at 2.

Mishu: Could you tell me how do I get there?

3. Receptionist: Sure. You take the ..to the……. the room…. on the of the…. office. That’s room floor.

Mishu: Where is the elevator?

4. Receptionist: Go your …….right beside the the hall to its end. The elevator is on

Mishu: Thank you.

5.Receptionist: ….

Situation :ession for the overseas students.

Language point and vocabulary:

Overseas, grants, technical colleges, opportunity, local, part-time students, higher education, empowered, financial help, award.

Lina is going to study in Britain. She has been awarded with a scholarship by the British Council. She goes to a session for the overseas students arranged by the British Council.
Now listen to the portion of the speech by the speaker who is giving information on study in Britain.

The Speaker: Welcome to this afternoon’s session. I would like to begin with the information that more than 70,000 overseas students have the opportunity to come to Britain every year. They join the mass of British students filling the different educational institutions like the universities, technical colleges and other further educational establishments.

All British students qualified for a higher education course are given financial help. The overseas students have opportunities for applying for a grant to their education authorities. Until 1964, only the universities were empowered to award degrees.

In the same year the Council for National Academic Awards was set up to award degrees to students who had followed appropriate courses in technical colleges. At present, there are over
English-Oral Communicatoin and Study Skills 100,000 students, excluding part time students following courses in Universities and other higher education institutions.

Well, that’s the initial introduction and information on our education institutions. Now, I invite specific questions from you. Here I’m to answer your queries. So.

Review Questions :Circle the alphabet corresponding to the answer you think is correct.

1.The overseas student number in Britain each year is

a.more than 80,000

b. more than 70,500

C. more than 70,000

d. less than 70,000

2.They join the

a. universities

b. technical colleges

C. universities, technical colleges and other education
establishments.

d. universities only

3. All British students qualified for a higher education course are
given

a. financial help

b. housing

C..free transport

d. awards.

4. Only the universities were empowered to award degrees until

a.1965

b. 1964

C. 1963

d. 1962

5. At present the number of on campus student is over,

a. 100,100

b.. 210,000

Situation : Weather Report.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

depression, wind, rainfall, gust, trawlers, squall, temporary Weather Report
Under the influence of deep depression the coastal districts of Khulna, Pirojpur, Barisal, Bhola, Barguna, Laxmipur, Cox’s Bazar, and Chittagong and their off shore islands and chars may experience moderately heavy to heavy rainfall accompanied by gusty to squally wind.

All fishing boats and trawlers over the North Bay have been advised to take shelters immediately.
Meanwhile the forecast for inland riverport says, there are chances of rain or thundershowers with temporary East South Easterly gusty or squally wind at a speed of 60 to 70 kms an hour or more are likely to occur over the regions of Khulna, Barisal, Noakhali, Comilla and Dhaka. River ports in these areas are to hoist riverine warning signal number two, riverine warning signal number two.
That’s the end of the weather forecast.

 

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Review Questions: Fill in the blanks.

1.Under the influence of deep….. the costal districts of Khulna, Pirojpur, Barisal Bhola, Barguna, Laxmipur Cox’s Bazar and and….. their off shore islands and chars may experience moderately heavy to heavy rainfall accompanied ……by to ….wind.

2. All fishing boats ……and over the ….Bay have been advised to take shelter immediately.

3.Meanwhile the forecast for inland riverport says, there are chances of…. or with temporary East South Easterly gusty or squally wind at a speed of 60 to kms an hour or more are likely to occur over the regions of Khulna, Barisal, Noakhali, Comilla…… and

4.Riverports in these areas are to hoist riverine warning signal,…..number

Answer key: 
Situation : Review and Test

1. cutting/sewing 2. tailor 3. cut/sew/herself. 4. dress 5. The scissors 6. lit/key/open/first. 7. next / place on 8. now 9. pull / down / through 10. must/bobbin 11. stuck. 12 .pour/ in/in 13. clean, oil 14. check.

Situation  : Review and Test

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 5. (b)
4. (b)

Situation :Review and Test

1.Excuse me / Pasha / 6-00/ room

2. 920

3. elevator / 9th/first/right / 920

4. straight along / left / stairs.

5.Thank you sir

Situation  : Review and Test

1. c 2. c 3.a 4. b 5. c

Situation : Review and Test

1. depression/Chittagong / gusty/squally
2. trawlers / North
3. rain/thundershower / 70 / Dhaka.
4. two

BUB BAE 2207 English - Oral Communication and Study Skills, Weather Forecast

Weather Forecast

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Today our topic of discussion is-Weather Forecast

Weather Forecast

We often listen to Weather Forecast on Radio or TV. Sometimes we want to know whether the will be sunny or cloudy, warm or chilly and sometime we just want to know the best time to go for outing.

Objectives:

Aafter you complete this lesson you will be able to: select important information about weather
plan for the day accordingly .

Situation : To visit the National Park.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
weekend, region, rain, caution, thundershowers, hoisted, gusty, maximum, squall, minimum, at a speed of, sunrise, sun set.

Tomorrow is Friday. Mr. Khan and family decide to visit the National Park on the weekend. So, Mrs. Khan wants to listen to the weather forecast. She goes to her living room and turns on the TV.

Weather Report

Now weather, and forecast valid till 6 tomorrow evening says, there are chances of rain and thundershowers accompanied with temporary gusty to squally wind at a speed of upto 45 km.

an hour. It is likely to occur over the regions of Dhaka, Tangail, Mymensingh, Bogra, Noakhali and Sylhet. All river crafts in these areas are to proceed with caution but no signal is to be hoisted. The temperature of the divisions of the country today were recorded as

 

 

Sun rises tomorrow at 6:00 a.m. and sets at 6: 15 p.m.
The humidity today recorded at 6.00 p.m. was 70 percent. That’s the end of the weather report.

Review Questions 1.4.1 Fill in the blanks.

1. There are chances …..of and wind….temporary
to

2.The wind will be at a speed of up to ….km/hr.
accompanied with

3.Rain or thundershowers accompanied with temporary gusty to
squally wind is likely to occur over the regions of Dhaka….., Mymensingh,….. and Sylhet.

4. All river crafts in these areas are to proceed with……

5.Sun rises tomorrow at…. and sets at….

6.The humidity recorded today ….was percent.

 

 

Situation :

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

intensify, bulletin, direction, cyclone, wind, coastal area, rising, depression, maritime, bay, distant warning, adjoining, local warning, signal number, port, riverine warning Sohel’s family went to Cox’s Bazar last week. He couldn’t join them for he had his examination.

In the afternoon Munir, Sohel’s friend comes with a disturbing news that he heard on TV a special weather bulletin of a possible cyclone in the coastal areas. Sohel turns on the TV to listen to the weather forecast.

Weather report

The deep depression over the West Central Bay moved slightly North North-Eastwards and now lies over West Central Bay and adjoining North West Bay. It was centered at 6 this morning about 900 kms South West of Chittagong port and 760 kms South West of Khulna town.

It is likely to intensify further and move in a North North Easternly direction for sometimes. Maximum sustained wind within the 48 kms of the depression is about 60 kms an hour and rising to 70 kms in gust or squalls. Maritime ports of Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Mongla have been advised to lower, distant warning signal number 2, repeat distant warning signal number 2 but instead hoist local warning signal number 4, local warning signal number 4.

River ports of the coastal districts of Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Bhola, Barguna, Cox’s Bazar and Chittagong have been advised to hoist reverine warning signal number – 2, reverine warning signal number – 2.

Under the influence of deep depression, the coastal districts of Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat, Laxmipur, Feni, Noakhali, Cox’s Bazar, Chandpur, Chittagong and their off shore islands and chars may experience moderately heavy to heavy rainfalls accompanied by gusty to squally wind. Sea remains very rough.

Review Questions : Fill in the blanks.

1. The deep __over the West Central Bay moved slightly North- North and now lies over___ Bay and adjoining Bay.

2.It was centered at 6 this morning about __kms__ of port and km__sof ___town.

3. Maximum sustained wind within ___the kms of the depression is about___ kms an hour and rising to__ kms in on squalls.

4.Maritime ports of  ___and Mongla have been advised to lower distant warning signal number___

5.River ports of the coastal districts of___ Satkhira, Bagerhat ____-and Chittagong have been advised to hoist reverine warning signal no Sea remains very.

 

আমাদের গুগল নিউজে ফলো করুন

 

Situation

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

dry, Celsius, cloudy, Fahrenheit, appreciable change, humidity, temperature, percentage
The forecast valid till 6 tomorrow morning says, it will remain dry all over the country with partly cloudy sky at places. No appreciable change is likely in the day’s temperature.

The maximum temperature recorded in Dhaka today was 24.6 degrees Celsius ie., 73.2 degrees Fahrenheit and the minimum was 21.7 degrees Celsius i.e., 71.1 degrees Fahrenheit. The percentage of humidity was 95 in the morning and 95 in the evening.

The sun sets today at 5.21pm and rises tomorrow at 6.04 am. The country’s highest temperature recorded in Kutubdia was 27.2 degrees Celsius i.e., 81.0 degrees Fahrenheit and the lowest was 21.0 degrees Celsius i.e. 69.8 degrees Fahrenheit in Khulna on the day.

Review Questions 1.4.3: Tick (√) beside the correct answer.

1.The forecast is valid till

a.6  a.m. tomorrow

b. 6 p.m. tomorrow

c. 6-30 p.m. tomorrow

d. 6 p.m. today

2. The weather will remain

a.rainy

b.dry rainy with thunder storm

c. dry with partly cloudy sky at places

3.The maximum temperature recorded in Dhaka was

a.26.6 degrees Celsius

b. 24.6 degrees Celsius

C.20.8 degrees Celsius

d. 36.6 degrees Celsius

4.And the minimum was

a. 21.7° Celsius

b. 22.7° Celsius

C. 31.7° Celsius

d. 26.7° Celsius

5.The percentage of humidity in the evening was
a.95
b. 94
c. 90
d. 105

6.The sun sets today at

a.5.21 am
b. 5.21 p.m.
c. 5. 20 p.m.
d.5.18 am

7.The sun rises tomorrow at

a. 6.05 am

b. 6.04 am

C. 6.03 am 5.04 am

8.The country’s highest temperature recorded was

a. 25.2 deg Celsius.

b. 24.1 deg Celsius

C.27.2 deg Celsius

d. 28.2 deg Celsius

9.And the lowest was

a. 22 deg Celsius

b.21.9 deg Celsius

C. 69.8 deg Fahrenheit

d. 21 deg Celsius

Answer Key: 

Situation : Review and Test 

1. rain/thundershower/ gusty/ squally

2. 45 kms

3. Tangail / Bogra / Noakhali

4. Caution

5. 6.00/6.15 6.70.

Situation : Review and Test

1. depression/eastwards, West Central / North West

2. 900/South West / Chittagong / 760 / South West / Khulna

3. 48/60 kms / 70 km/

4. Chittagong /Cox’s Bazar / 2 5. Khulna / Pirojpur Bhola / Borguna / Cox’s Bazar, 2 6. rough. gust

Situation : Review and Test

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d).

BUB BAE 2207 English - Oral Communication and Study Skills, Talks Speeches

Talks Speeches

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Today our topic of discussion is-Talks Speeches

Talks Speeches

You often listen to the lectures and speches in classroom, seminars or in other social functions. In this lesson you will listen to some talks/speeches and do some activities to improve your listening skills.

Objectives:

When you complete lesson 1.3, you will be able to: say specific information from a talk/lecture. take notes of the key points from a speech.

Situation  : Description of a Dinosaur

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
Dinosaur, largest, vegetarian, perish, animal, Stegosaurus, earth, period of time, scales, million, shallow, meat-eating, disappeared, plants, messages, fossil. At a science conference a speaker delivers a speech on Dinosaurs who lived long ago, and now is perished from the earth forever.

 

 

Speaker:

Dinosaurs lived on the earth for 135 million years. They appeared about 200 million years ago and they disappeared 65 million years ago. They were the largest animals ever to live on earth, and they ruled the earth for a long period of time.

These largest animals lived in North America, in Africa and in Europe. During that period the land in North America was under a large, shallow sea. The early dinosaurs walked on two feet and they ate meat. The later dinosaurs were larger and walked on four feet. Some of the later dinosaurs were they ate plants only.

The Stegosaurus was very large of its kind. It was a plant eater but it was often in danger from the meat-eating dinosaurs. It had scales along its back to protect itself from the meat-eating dinosaurs.

The Stegosaurus was so large that it took a long time for messages to travel from its brain to its legs. To solve this problem, it developed a second brain by its back legs to control its leg movements.

Why did dinosaurs die out? Probably a change in weather made serious problems for them. The plant life and the weather changed. Perhaps the dinosaurs couldn’t change fast enough. The fossils of dinosaurs can be seen in the Dinosaur National Park. This park is in Utah and Colorado. Fossils are bones which have become stone. Fossils have taught us a lot about these great animals of the past.

 

 

Review Questions 1.3.1: Put Tick (√) marks beside the answers, you choose as correct the right box for your answer.

1.The dinosaurs lived on earth for

(a) for 135 million years

(b) 35 Million Years

(c) 230 million years

(d) 145 million years.

2.They appeared on earth about

(a) 210 million years ago

(b) 120 million years ago

(c)200 million years ago

(d) 300 million years ago

3.The dinosaurs disappeared:

(a) 85 million years ago

(b) 65 million years ago

(c) 60 million years ago

(d) 75 million years ago

4.They ruled the earth

(a) for a long period of time

(b) for a short period of time

(c) for an indefinite period of time

(d) for few years

5.Dinosaurs lived in

(a) North America, in South America, and in Asia

(b) North America, in Asia and in Europe

(c) South America, in Africa and in Europe

(d) North America, in Africa and in Europe

6.The early dinosaurs walked on

(a) 4 feet

(b) 2 feet

(c) 6feet

(d) 8 feet

7.They ate

(a)meat

(b) vegetables

(c) plants

(d) fish

8.The Stegosaurus was a

(a) plant-eater

(b) meat-eater

(c) fish-eater

(d) none-vegetarian

9.The Stegosaurus developed scale along its back

(a) to fight

(b) to do nothing in particular

(c) to protect itself

(d) to swim

10.The Stegosaurus developed a ‘second brain’ by its back legs to

(a) control its leg movement(

b) walk better

(c) stop whenever it wished

(d) control its eating

11.The fossils of dinosaurs can be seen in the

a)Dinosaur National Zoo

b)National Park

c)National Museum

(d)Dinosaur National Park

12. The Dinosaur national park is in

(a) Utah

(b) Colorado

(c) Toronto and Colorado

(d) Utah and Colorado

13. Fossils are bones which have become

(a) stones

(b) earth

c)soil

d)solid

 

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Review Questions 1.3.2: Fill in the following blanks.

1. Dinosaurs appeared about……. years ago and disappeared
million years ago.

2. They were the animals ……ever to live on earth.

3. They lived in _, in and ….in

4. The early dinosaurs ate……

5.The later dinosaurs walked on…… feet.

6. Some of the later dinosaurs were…….

7.The was…… very large of its kind. 8.It had scales to protect itself from the ….din saurs.

9. It developed a …….by its back-legs.

10. 11. A change in made serious problem for them. have taught us a lot about these great animals of the past.

Situation : The Tragedy of the Titanic.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
Titanic, tragedy, iceberg, officer, lifeboat, drill, passenger, rescue, steamship company, radio, ice warnings, Carpathia, speed, direction, sink.

In 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg on its first trip across the Atlantic, and it sank four hours later. At that time the Titanic was the largest ship that had ever traveled on the sea. It was carrying 2207 people, but it had taken on enough lifeboats for only 1178 people.

When the passengers tried the leave the ship, only 651 of them were able to get into the lifeboats.
The Carpathia was 58 miles away when the Titanic called on its radio for help. It arrived two hours after the great ship had gone down, and it saved 705 people. In the tragedy 1502 people had lost their lives.

Through the whole tragedy, the Californian was only ten miles away. They never received the Titanic’s call for help, and they didn’t come to rescue until too late.
There are reason behind this tragic incident. First of all, nobody had prepared for such a tragedy. Nobody had believed that the Titanic could sink.

The steamship company had thought that its ship would be completely safe in all situations. They supplied lifeboat for only half the people. The passengers had not received their lifeboat numbers, and never practiced lifeboat drill before the accident.

The ship had already received six ice warnings on its radio when it struck the ice berg. Yet, it had not changed its direction or its speed. It was impossible to change direction quickly enough when the iceberg came in sight.

After this accident, ocean travel changed. Now there are always enough lifeboats for everybody. Ships don’t go so far north in water, and they watch carefully for ice. Radio officers work 24 hours a day. A tragedy like the sinking of the Titanic should never happen again.

Review Questions 1.3.3: Fill in the blanks while you listen to Situation 1.3.2.
the

1. In …hit an iceberg on its trip across the….

2. It sank….. hours later.

3.It was carrying ….people, but it had taken on enough lifeboat
for only……people.

4. Only …..of the passengers were able to get into lifeboats.

5. The …was… radio for help. miles away when the Titanic called on its

6. The Carpathia saved people…..

7. In the accident ……people had lost their lives.

8.Nobody had believed that the Titanic could…..

9. The steamship company had supplied lifeboats for only …..people.

10. The passengers had not received their lifeboat…. practiced the lifeboat before the accident.

11. The ship had already received……. ice warnings.

12.Yet it had not changed its…..or its

13.Now, there are always enough….. for everybody.

14. Ships don’t go so far in….

15. ……work 24 hours a day.

Answer key : 

Situation : Review and Test

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5 (c) 6. (b) 7.(a) 8. (a) 9.(c)10. (a) 11. (d) 12.(d)
13 (a)

Situation : Review and Test

1.200/65 2. largest 3. North America, Africa, Europe 4. meat 5. four 6. vegetarians 7. Stegosaurus 8. meat eating 9. second brain 10. weather 11. fossils.

Situation:Review and Test

1. 1912 / Titanic / first / Atlantic 2.4 3.2207/1178 4.651 5. Carpathia / 58 6. 705 7. 1502 8. sink 9. half 10. numbers / drill 11. 6 12. direction speed 13. lifeboats 14. North/water 15. Radio officers.

Developing Listening Skills Directions, BUB BAE 2207 English - Oral Communication and Study Skills

Developing Listening Skills Directions

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Today our topic of discussion is-Developing Listening Skills Directions

Developing Listening Skills Directions

Suppose you want to go to a new place. But you do not know how to get there. So, what do you do? You ask for directions and try to follow them carefully. This lesson is about giving and following directions.

Objectives:

After completing this lesson you will be able to:

ask for directions follow directions give simple directions.

Situation : Invitation for a Lunch

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

restaurants, turn right, lunch time, turn left, break, go down, plenty of places, right next to, entrance, cross over, go straight across, behind, through, other end.

It is lunch time in a convention. Before finishing his speech the speaker suggests of some of the restaurants nearby, where the participants can go.

Listen to the speaker carefully and match the places in questions 1-4 (section c) to the appropriate letters A-G on the map.

 

 

Speaker:

We are now almost at the closing of this session. It will be lunch break within a few minutes. Those of you who won’t be attending the lunch time meeting, for you there are plenty of places to go. I can name some good places not too far from the convention centre.

The famous ‘Italian Pizza centre’ is one of them. From the centre’s entrance on Shahbag road first go straight across the road to Ramna park through the National Arch at the other end of the park, cross Tipu Sultan road and its next to the bank.

‘The Extravaganza’ of quick snacks is also nearby. From the centre first turn right, up Shahbag road and turn left into Minto road and go down Minto road until you get to Tipu Sultan road, and then turn right. “The Extravaganza’ is right next to the Tipu Sultan Coach station.

Another restaurant is ‘The vegetarian.’ To get there, just turn left as you leave the centre to Shahbag road, cross over Bailey road, and its on your left, just opposite to the Primary School.

Finally the Soup Corner’. Its located behind the Primary School at Tipu Sultan road. So, enjoy your lunch and please be back at the convention centre in time. Where to have lunch? Observe the map while you listen to the directions on the tape.

Review Questions 1.2.1: Put the appropriate letters in the blank spaces below.

1. Italian pizza Centre
2. The Extravaganza
3. The Vegetarian
4. Soup Corner

 

 

Situation : Direction to a post office.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
right, by, left, upstairs, over there, downstairs, on the right/left

Dialogue:

A: Excuse me, where’s the nearest post office please?

В: It’s over there, on the right.

A: O, thank you very much. :

B: You’re welcome.

A: Excuse me, could you tell me where the manager’s office is?
B: O, yes. Its over there, by the reception desk.

A: Thank you.

A: Excuse me, can you tell me where the washroom is

B: please? O’its on the first floor, first door on the left.

A: Thank you very much.

B: No problem

আমাদের গুগল নিউজে ফলো করুন

 

Review Questions 1.2.2: Fill in the blanks.

A. Excuse me. Where is the nearest post office, please?

B. A. Its over there, on the

Oh, thank you very much. You’re welcome.

B. could you tell me where the , by the reception desk. O, yes

A. the washroom O, its the floor, first door

Situation : Direction to a repairing shop.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
to find, road, repairing shop, railway, petrol, traffic lights, brakes, turning, specialist garage.
Mr. Khan is new in town. He is having a problem with his car, but he doesn’t know how to get to a repairing shop nearby. So, he stops a passer- by and asks if he can help him.

Dialogue:

Mr. Khan: Excuse me.

Passer-by:Yes?

Mr. Khan: I wonder if you can help me. I am having problem with my car. Do you know where I can find a repairing shop please?

Passer-by: ust up the road. Do you want petrol?

Mr. Khan : NoI have enough fuel. There’s something wrong with  my brakes.

Passer-by::  Oh, got something wrong with the brakes, well, you
really need a specialist shop. But I don’t think you’ll find

Mr. Khan:  Oh….. Do you know where Minto road is?

Passer-by: Minto road? Oh, yes, you want to be at the other side of the railway.

Mr. Khan: Yes, I think so.

Passer-by: Do you know how to get there?

Mr. Khan: No.

Passer-by::Well, you need to turn round here and go back to the traffic lights. Yes. :

Mr. Khan: Now, go right at the traffic lights and go down that road until you come to a level crossing.

Passer-by : A level crossing? You mean its where the road goes over
the railway.

Passer-by : O, yes. Now just across the level crossing there’s a right turning. That’s Minto road. Yes.

Review Questions 1.2.3: Label Minto Road and mark the position of the repairing shop with a tick on the map.

Fig. 1.3: Road map indicating the car repairing shop.

Situation 1.2.4 : Direction of a car park.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points: here, then, nearest, yard, opposite, straight on, how far (yards/ meters).

Dialogue :

A: Excuse me, where’s the nearest car park please?

B: Go straight on the right, then take second turn on the

A: left. It’s next to the post office. Do you know how far it is?

B: Not much. Say about five hundred yards.

A:Thank you.

B: You’re welcome.

A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where the police station is please?
B: Yes, it’s opposite to the railway station.

A:How can I get there?

B: Go straight along this road for about 100 meters, then turn right. The railway station is at the end of the road.

A:Thank you very much.

B: No problem

Developing Listening Skills Instructions

Developing Listening Skills Instructions

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Today our topic of discussion is-Developing Listening Skills Instructions. Giving instructions and listening to them are quite common in our life. Sometimes we give instructions to others about how to do something and often we have to follow instructions in doing something. Listening to instructions carefully is necessary for doing a good job.

Developing Listening Skills Instructions

 

Objectives:

After completing this lesson you will be able to:
give instructions about a process (how to use something) follow instructions (for doing something). Now look at the following situation and listen to the audio tape.

 

 

Situation :Operating A Photocopier

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:
Button, next, paper, put in, copy, then, plug, stop button, memo, press, what should I do if…, turn off Salma needs to photocopy a few pages of a book in the Library but she doesn’t know how to operate a photocopying machine. The librarian knows how to do it. Salma asks for his help.

Dialogue:

Salma: Excuse me, Sir. I need to photocopy these pages but I don’t know how to use the photocopying machine. Could you please show me how to operate it?

Librarian :  O, yes, certainly. Come with me, I’ll show you what to do. First you open this box and check whether there is enough paper. If there is not, put in some paper here. (picture 1)

Salma :  Ah-ha…

Librarian : Then you pull out the lid and put the document you want to copy. Look how to place the document here. (picture 2)

Salma :  Great! What should I do after placing the document?

Librarian :  Pull down the lid and select the darkness, size and number of copies from these buttons. When you finish your selection, press this start button and the machine will start copying. (picture 3 & 4)

Salma : Excellent! Now let me remember what you’ve shown. First I open this box and ensure the supply of paper. Then I pull up the lid and put in the document. Next I close down the lid and make selections from the buttons. Finally I press the start-button to start photocopying. Is there anything I miss?

Librarian : No, you’ve got everything perfectly. But remember one thing.
Salma What’s that?

Librarian:  Make sure that the plug is connected and the power is on before operating the machine.

Salma: Oh yes. I’ll do that certainly. Thank you.

Librarian : You’re welcome.

 

 

Review Questions : Write the answers to the following questions.

1. What Should the lady do first?

Ans.

2. What should she do then?

Ans.

3. What does she do next?

Ans.

4. And then?

Ans.

5. Ans. Is there Anything else to remember?

Ans.

 

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Situation : Conversation between Salma and the Librarian

Salma finishes copying the pages but she has a few more questions about the machine. So, she goes to the librarian again.

Dialogue:

Salma : Hello there. I’ve done my copying and they’re of excellent
quality.

Librarian :Great! Congratulations. I was sure that you could do it.

Salma : Thank you. But I’ve a few more things to know…

Librarian: What are they, please?

Salma: Well, can you tell me what I should do if I want to change the size of the copy-paper?

Librarian : O, that’s simple. You put the different sized paper in the lower tray and make selection accordingly. You see, there are two trays in the box. You can also feed the paper manually from behind if you want.

Salma: I see. But sometimes I notice that the paper gets stuck and the machine stops copying. What should I do in that case?

Librarian: Turn the machine off in that case and open this part. Then try to remove the paper jam. When you remove the stuck paper, restart the machine.

Salma: All right. And one more thing. How should I leave the
machine when I finish copying?

Librarian: You just turn off the machine. Librarian :

Salma : wrong page?

Librarian: Simply press the stop button.

Salma : Thank you very much, Sir. It’s really a great help.

Librarian: It’s my pleasure, young lady.

Activity 1.1.2: Listen to Unit 1, Lesson 1.1, Situation 1.1.2 Dialogue on the tape carefully

Review Questions : Choose the most appropriate answer and mark the corresponding letter against your
answer.

1. What should the lady do if there is no more paper inside the machine?

  •  Put some more paper in
  • b Ask the Librarian
  • Check the paper-tray
  • Bring some more paper

2. What should she do if the paper gets stuck in the machine?

  •  Turn it on and remove the paper jam.
  • Turn it off and remove the paper jam.
  • Turn it off and put in some new paper.
  • Turn it off and leave the machine.

3.What should she do after finishing copying?

  • Tunr off the machine
  • Turn on the machine and put some more paper
  • Turn it back
  • Turn over the machine.

4.What should the lady do when she wants to stop copying?

  • Press the red button
  • Press the Stop button
  • Press the On button
  • Press the blue button

 

Situation 1.1.3: Conversation on using a phone.

List of Vocabulary and Language Points:

Pick-up, pips, operator, receiver, coin, dial, telephoning

Dialogue:

Rimi is on her way to the University. Suddenly she remembers that she forgot to tell her mother an important thing. She finds a pay phone booth nearby. But she does not know how to use the pay phone. She asks the man in the queue.

Rimi : Excuse me.

The Man : Yes?

Rimi : Can you help me with the phone, please? I don’t know how to use it.

The man:  No problem. First you pick-up the receiver and insert a

Rim : one-taka coin here. All right. And then?

The man: Then you wait for the dialing tone. When you hear the tone, dial the number and you can talk to the person you
are calling.

Rimi :Great! Thank you. Do you know how to get the operator?

The man: Oh, yes. Just dial 17.

Rimi: Thank you very much.

The man: You are welcome.

Review Questions 1.1.3: Fill in the blanks.

1. Can you help me with the phone, please. I don’t know how to it.

2. No problem. First you pick-up the coin here. and insert a one taka

3. Then you wait for the tone. When you hear the tone, dial the number and you can talk to the person you are

4. Great! Thank you. Do you know how to get the

5. Oh, yes. Just 17.

6. you very much.

7. You are

School of Business (SOB), Reference and Bibliography

Bibliography and the difference between footnote and bibliography

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UNIT-9 [ Lesson-2: Bibliography and the difference between footnote and bibliography ]

After reading this lesson you will be able to:

  • say what a bibliography is,
  • distinguish between footnote and bibliography,
  • describe the techniques of writing a bibliography, and
  • write bibliographies.

Bibliography and the difference between footnote and bibliography

The traditional bibliography

A bibliography is a list of the books and journals that are referred to in a particular book or paper. The list is orderly and covers references on the subject of the book or paper. A bibliography is usually placed at the end of a book or paper. Under the title Bibliography the publications (i.e., books, journals etc.) are mentioned in alphabetical order. The list is divided into such groupings as Books, Periodicals, Reports, etc.

 

 

The techniques

The techniques followed in bibliographical entries are, by and large, similar to those followed in footnote entries. However, note the following exceptions:

(1) To make the list in alphabetical order the surname (i.e., the last name) of the author is placed first.

(2) The second and following lines of an entry are placed five spaces to the right of the beginning of the first line. This technique makes the alphabetised first line more prominent.

(3) A bibliographic entry does not mention any single page or a number of pages or a passage or chapter etc. Instead, it gives the total number of pages of the whole publication.

(4) Subsequent entries of publication of the same author are indicated by a line as shown in the example below.

Example

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Doff, A., Teach English, Teacher’s workbook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 139.

-Teach English, Trainer’s Handbook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 286.

 

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The annotated bibliography

An annotated bibliography contains a brief comment on the content and value of the entry. It is used mainly in scholarly writing.

Example

Hadfield, J., Classroom Dynamics, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 180.

Designed to help teachers overcome one of their most difficult problems: how to establish a good working
relationship with noncooperative classes. In the present-day EFL classroom, where pair work and group work are increasingly the norm, harmonious relationships in the classroom have become fundamental to the success of courses.

 

 

ACTIVITY

1. How does a traditional bibliography differ from an annotated one? Choose any three textbooks from the courses you are doing at BOU and then write annotated bibliographical entries for them.

Reference and Bibliography, School of Business (SOB)

Technique of writing footnotes

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UNIT-9 [ Lesson-1: Technique of writing footnotes ]

After reading this lesson you will be able to:

  • say what a footnote is,
  • recognise a footnote,
  • describe the techniques of writing footnotes, and
  • write footnotes.

Technique of writing footnotes

Introduction

The footnote is a traditional method of acknowledging sources in a piece of writing. It provides additional comments and information which support the facts and proposals contained in the text. It indicates different points of view expressed by different experts in a field. It can also encourage readers to do further study on the source materials referred to.

 

 

The techniques

The book entry

The reference is placed at the bottom of the page and keyed with the text material.

Example :

Text : The grammar of a language can be defined as a device that specifies sets of sentences1 ………..

Footnote :

1. Noam Chomsky, Definition of grammar, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, The Hague: Mouton, 1964, p.9.

If you look at the example you will find:

(1) A superscript (a raised Arabic number) i.e. 1 is common in both the text and the footnote. This is how the reference (i.e. footnote) is keyed with the text material with the help of a number.

(2) The author’s name (i.e. Noam Chomsky is written in normal order.

(3) After the author’s name comes the chapter name i.e. Definition of grammar. The chapter name has been mentioned because the chapter title is likely to help the readers find the source. However, the chapter name is not always necessary to mention.

(4) The book title i.e. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory is written in italics. Sometimes the book title is indicated with underscoring.

(5) The publishing company i.e. Mouton is written with the location of the publisher, i.e., the Hague.

(6) The year of publication, i.e., 1964 mentioned as the publication date of the book. But if a book is revised, the year of the latest revision should be mentioned. e.g. 1975, 3rd edition.

(7) Finally the page, i.e., p.9 is mentioned. If more than one page contain the reference they should be mentioned in this way: pp. 37-42.

There are certain other important things which you should remember while writing footnotes:

  • Footnotes are written single spaced just like the text.
  • The superscripts should be sequenced by page, by chapter or by the whole work. In our example there is only one number. But if there are three superscripts, the numbers will be in regular order, i.e., 1 2 3; and the footnotes also will come in the same order and on the same page. If the next page is part of the same unit/chapter the superscript numbers may continue from the previous page i.e., ………….. 4, 5 (etc.) or fresh numbers starting from 1 may be used. This is how the numbering is sequenced by page, by chapter or by the whole work.

 

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The periodical/newspaper article entry

Periodical/newspaper article entries slightly differ from those of the book entries. Notice the differences:

(1) Sometimes the author’s name is not given. In that case you can either put anonymous or just mention the agency/source or the type of the article, for example, Reuter, Associated Press, Editorial etc.

(2) Give the Article title within inverted commas, followed by the periodical/newspaper title.

(3) In the case of periodical, give the volume number.

Examples

Periodical

1 Iain Macklilliam, ”Video and language comprehension”, FLT journal, Vol. 40/2, April 1986, pp. 131 – 135.

Newspaper

2 Reuter, ”Ulysses flies over both Poles of the Sun”, The Bangladesh Observer, August 10, 1995, p.10.

Abbreviated footnotes

(1) An abbreviated footnote contains the author’s last name and the year of publication in brackets immediately after the text material referred to. However, page numbers may be placed after the date
of publication.

Example:

(Blundell, 1983)

Or (Blundell, 1983, p. 171)

(2) If there are two or three authors put only their last names.

Example:

(Lesikar and Pettit, 1994)

(3) If there are more than three authors put the last name of the first author followed by et al (which means and others) or and others

For example:, “A Grammar of Contemporary English” is written by Randalph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik in 1972.

Instead of writing all the four names write only : (Quirk et al, 1972)

(4) If a footnote with a superscript, say 7, is followed by another footnote, the superscript being 8, and if both the superscripts refer to the same book but different pages, you do not have to write the name of the author, the name of the book, publisher etc. in the footnote entry 8. Instead, you can write Ibid and the page number(s).

Example:

7Wilga Rivers, “Talking of the Top of their Heads,” TESOL
Quarterly, Vol. 6/1, March 1972, pp. 71-81.
8
Ibid., p. 76.

However, the abbreviated footnotes should be used with a bibliography that usually comes at the end of a report. (See Bibliography in the following lesson)

Abbreviation used in footnotes

The following abbreviations are commonly used in the footnote entries.

ACTIVITY

1. What are the techniques of writing footnotes? What are the differences between traditional and abbreviated footnotes?

School of Business (SOB), Corporate Reports

Some Essential Reports

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UNIT-8 [ Lesson-2: Some Essential Reports ]

After completing this lesson you should be able to:

  • explain what is an audit and who are auditors
  • differentiate between management audit, and accounting firms
  • write an audit report by following the sample audit report presented in the lesson
  • write a report as the chief executive of a company by assessing the sample report presented
  • describe the role of Audit Committee
  • assess your own abilities in writing a report as director of your own company.

Some Essential Reports

What are management audit and operational audit?

Each and every company has some established rules and regulations of its own, known as statutory rules. Each company again may succeed as a marketing or engineering organisation, while being poorly managed; it may succeed because of a favourable environment such as a sellers’ market, as often happens in wartime, despite inadequate management.

If the quality of managing will ultimately make the difference in success or failure, then certainly this quality should be given an assessment, separate from the ability to do well in marketing, engineering, producing or financing. This kind of assessment is known as management audit. It covers evaluation in the field of

Planning
Organising
Staffing
Directing and
Controlling

But there is another audit in all enterprises known as Operational Audit – auditing the quality of operations. This kind of audit is about management decision; dealing with the quality of decisions in the areas of long range and company wide Planning, Marketing, Operations (Production, Material), Personnel, Accounting and Finance.

 

 

So we can say each company use some systems and techniques for implementing internal control to improve the accountability for actions, the accuracy and reliability of records, the safeguarding of assets and the overall efficiency of operations – The key role in achieving these goals is played today by a company’s audit committee.

What in an audit?

An audit is an appraisal of the entire enterprise in the light of its present and probable future environment. The audit system appraises the

company’s position to determine where it, where it is heading stands under present programmes, what its objective should be, and whether revised plans are needed to meet those objectives.

If the enterprise does not change course to suit the changing social, technical and political environment, it looses markets, personnel, and other requirements for continued existence. The enterprise self audit is designed to force management to meet this situation.

Who are auditors and what type of reports they write

An auditor is a professional who conducts an independent examination of the accounting data presented by the business enterprise.

If the auditor is satisfied that the financial statements (the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of changes in financial position, and the statement of changes in owners’ or stockholders’ equity) represent the financial position and results of operations, an opinion is expressed on audited statements as indicated below from the report of a group of auditors.

 

 

In preparing this report, the auditor follows these reporting standards:

1. The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
2. The report shall state whether such principles have been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period.
3. Informative disclosures in the financial statements are to be regarded as reasonably adequate unless otherwise stated in the report.
4. The report shall contain either an expression of opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole or an assessment to the effect that and opinion cannot be expressed. When an overall opinion cannot be expressed, the reasons therefore should be stated. In all cases where an auditor’s name is associated with financial statements, the report should contain a clear-cut indication of the character of the degree of responsibility being taken.

In short, these standards require that an auditor state in the opinion that generally accepted accounting principles have been followed and that they have been applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year.

In most cases, the auditor issues a standard unqualified or “clean” opinion; that is, the auditor believes that the financial statements do present fairly the financial picture on a basis consistent with that used in the preceding year.

Audit Committees

These are typically composed of three or more “outside” board members. Not being everyday employee of the company, they are usually considered to be more independent than the “inside” directors, who, as employees, also serve as part of the corporation’s management.

The objective of the audit committee is to oversee the accounting controls, financial statements, and financial affairs of the corporation. The Committee represents the full board and provides personal contact and communication among the board, the external auditors, the internal auditors, the financial executives, and the operating executives.

 

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These relationships are depicted in Exhibit 1.1. The display in Exhibit 1.1 is only one of many possible arrangements. Above all, note how the audit committee is supposed to be the main pipeline to the board of directors, especially for individuals responsible for the accounting functions.

Exhibit 1.1 shows that the internal audit manager is directly responsible (solidline) to the accounting executives, who, in turn are directly responsible to both the audit committee and the executive vice president. The dashed line indicate that the audit department should communicate with and gather information directly from the external auditors and the internal auditors.

The internal auditing department sometimes is directly responsible to the executive vice president, or to the president or to the audit committee itself.

ACTIVITY

What is the objective of an audit committee?

When does an Audit Committee have a meeting?

The committee typically meets at least twice annually. The first meeting is to review the annual external audit plan; the second, to review the audited financial statements before their publications. Additional meetings may be held

(a) to consider and approve the retention of the external auditors;

(b) to review the company’s accounting system, particularly the internal controls; and

(c) to review any special matters raised by internal audits.

Meetings should be attended by the Chief Financial Officer and a representative of the external auditing firm. At least once a year, the committee should discuss with the external auditors, their evaluation of corporate management (without the presence of the latter).

Similarly, the committee should discuss with management their evaluation of the external auditors. The committee selects the independent public accountants annually in advance of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders and submits the selection for ratification at the meeting.

Exhibit 1.1.

Typical Corporate Organisation Chart

 

 

Exhibit 1.2.

A sample Report of Independent Public Accountants

 

Exhibit 1.3.

A sample Audit Report no. 2

 

 

How do you write a report as being a Director of a Company?

Suppose you are the Director of a Computer Centre and is responsible to the College president for operation of the Computer Centre as a teaching resource of the college. You are also responsible for answering administrative request for computer operation. Suppose you have more functions stated as below:

  • as a director you in fact advise the president in report form about policies and procedures for effective computer use.
  •  sometimes advise chairpersons, faculty, and staff about computer applications in teaching or administrative duties.
  • submit budgets request to the Dean of administration.
  • supervise the data processing of college computerised records.

So for all the above functions to be carried out effectively you need to communicate most often in written report form to various people. Below is a sample report of a Director to all the faculty, and staff about the change of address and introduction of a new computer technology.

Exhibit 1.4

 

A Director’s Report (sample)

 

Question for Review

These questions are designed to help you assess how far you have understood and can apply the learning you have accomplished by answering (in written form) the following questions:

1. What do you understand by a management audit and an operational audit?
2. Who are auditors?
3. Why does an organisation need an audit report?
4. Write an audit report as one of the public accounts chosen for a company?
5. Suppose you are the Personnel Director of a company and have to write assessment report on candidates applying for jobs. Write a recommendation report for a candidate you consider suitable for the post advertised from your company?