Category Archives: School of Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD)

School of Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD)

Writing a letter of request

Today is our topic of discussion Writing a letter of request

Writing a letter of request

 

 

Read this letter carefully.

October 1998

The Project Director

DAE-DANIDA Strengthening Plant Protection Services (SPPS) Project

Plant Protection wing

Department of Agricultural Extension Khamarbari, Dhaka 1215

Dear Sir,

Supply of 4 copies of “Illustrated Guide to IPM in Rice in Tropical Asia”, published from IRRI, Philippines

VFAP is an NGO. It gives necessary training to farmers, agricultural workers coming from all over the district. Side by side with conducting training programmes, we develop extension resources and training materials. To facilitate these activities VFAP has a library which is user- friendly and has a good collection of books and journal on agriculture, especially Bangladesh agricultural extension activities.

We should be grateful if you would send us 4 copies of the above- mentioned guide for our library use. I am sure, the book will help our trainers, researchers and farmers to be acquainted with the latest IPM technology required for our agricultural development, especially in rice IPM.

May we look forward to receiving the book?

Yours sincerely

Kazi Salam Sikdar Executive Director

 

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Note these words/expressions

DAE

Department of Agricultural Extension. This department is under the Ministry of Agriculture and is headed by a Director General.

DANIDA

Danish International Development Agencies

IPM

Integrated Pest Management. The integrated way of using insecticides (e.g. DDT) and biological control (e.g. birds used to consume locusts) is the basis of pest management.

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute in Philippines. We have BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute) at Joydebpur.

User-friendly

If anything is user-friendly, the users can easily and comfortably use it. The library is user- friendly, which means there are facilities and arrangements in the library (i.e. adequate desks, chairs, easy-to-find books and journals, proper lighting, ventilation, etc.) which help and attract people to come and work there.

We should be grateful if you would

This is a formal expression used to request services, things or information. You can also use: I would be grateful if you could… etc.

to be acquainted with

If you are acquainted with something, you know about it because you have learned it or you have experienced it.
Also you may be acquainted with a person. In that case it means you have met him or her and you know him or her.

May we look forward to receiving

The body of a request letter usually ends with this kind of expression. You may also use: I look forward to receiving……..

 

 

We look forward to your help and cooperation.
I look forward to seeing/meeting you Monday, 12 May.
We look forward to continuing our long association. (etc.).

 

Writing an information letter

Today is our topic of discussion Writing an information letter

Writing an information letter

 

 

Read this letter carefully.

Dear Penny,

It seems a long time since you left Dhaka. You might have seen on TV how Bangladesh is now in the grip of a devastating flood. Or, you must have heard or read about it in the newspapers. This flood that started in July has taken a serious turn. All the major rivers in the country are now flowing much above the danger level. Two-thirds of the country are now under water.

We cannot take our car out. The road in front of our house is under 2 to 3 feet water. Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara and the eastern part of the city are the worst affected areas. We can get out of the house either by rickshaw or boat. Imagine a boat plying on a road in Gulshan or Baridhara!

The people, especially the slum dwellers and the poor, have been living in untold sufferings. However, they are getting flood relief, though I don’t know whether the relief they are getting is enough. The weather forecasts are saying that the flood waters would start receding from the 15th September. We are eagerly waiting to see that.

All for now, Penny. I hope this finds you, Peter and Laura keeping well and happy in London.
With very best wishes to you all.
Yours ever

Salma Afrin Chowdhury

 

 

Note these points

Inside address

This letter does not have an inside address, as it is not necessary in this type of informal letters. But, it may have its inside address like an official letter. However, the address of the reader comes on the envelope.

Salutation

The usual forms of salutation used in informal

Dear Kamal

letters are:

Dear Jane (Kamal, Jane, etc. are first names)

Dear Father

Dear Uncle Zahid (Father, Uncle, Aunt, etc., when used in salutation are written with the capital beginning.

Subject

You don’t have to mention the subject of an informal letter.

Body

The body of an informal letter could be of any length and on any topic of personal interest. It usually begins with telling that the writer has or has not been in touch with the reader for some time. And the writer has something to tell the reader or wants to know something from the reader.

However, the message, ideas or feelings of the writer should be expressed in simple, clear language as far as possible.
The body of the informal letter always ends with best wishes, regards, love and the like to the reader.

 

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Ending

The following endings are used corresponding with the salutations.

 

Writing an official letter

Today is our topic of discussion Writing an official letter

Writing an official letter

 

Here is an application for a job. Read it carefully.

1. Letterhead/writer’s address – 3 Teen Aani Bazar Sherpur Town Sherpur 2100

2. Date – 20 September 1998

3. Inside address – The Director Department of Agricultural Extension Khamar Bari Farmgate, Dhaka 1215

4. Salutation – Dear Sir,

5. Subject – Field Officer

6. Body of letter – I saw your advertisement in The Daily Star yesterday for some Field Officers and would like to apply for a position.

I enclose my CV and the names and addresses of two referees.

I could come for an interview any day after 11.00am.

7. Ending – Yours faithfully

8. Signature with name – Kazi Md. Giasuddin

9. Left address on envelope – Supervisor Supervisor Non-Formal Education Programme Gonoshahajja Shangstha (GSS) Mymensingh

10. Right address on envelope – Same as the inside address

Read these notes carefully on different parts of a letter

Letterhead

If the letter-writer has a job he/she may use (for official letters) writing paper with his/her name and address printed on it. Or it could be just the writer’s address. In both the cases either just the top of the sheet or the top-right corner of the sheet could be used for this purpose.

Notice that no punctuation mark has been used in writing the address. However, a comma would be necessary to separate two names (e.g. those of a road and a town/city) if they are written on the same line. e.g. 3 Teen Aani Bazar, Sherpur Town

 

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Date

The date could be written in different ways such as: 20th September 1998 September 20, 1998 20/9/1998
9/20/1998 (This form is usually written by the Americans or those who follow the American style).

Inside Address

In ‘Inside address’ the receiver’s name or just his/her designation with address appears. Notice the use of punctuation mark. (See 1 Letterhead under B above).

Salutation

If in ‘Inside address’ only the designation of the receiver is mention (e.g. The Director, The General Manager, The Chairman, The Principal, etc.), the salutation ‘Dear Sir/Madam’ is OK. If, on the other hand, the name of the receiver is mentioned (e.g. Mr. Abu Sadiq Khan, Professor Rokeya Khanam, Dr. Kamal Hamid Chowdhury, etc.), the salutation should be:

Dear Mr. Khan

Dear Professor Khanam

Dear Dr. Chowdhury Sometimes the form Dear Mr./Ms. Secretary or Chairperson (etc.) is used. You can put a comma (,) or a colon (:) after a salutation, e.g.

Dear Sir,/Dear Sir:

Dear Mr. Khan,/Dear Mr. Khan: Dear Ms./Mr. Coordinator: Or you can just use a salutation without any punctuation mark as shown in the model letter.

Subject

You can just write the name of the post (e.g. Field Officer, Assistant Manager, etc.), Or you can add some words to make the subject more specific (e.g. Field officer- Pirganj thana or Assistant Manager for the Marketing Division).

Body

The body of a job application should be short and precise, telling mainly about how you the applicant came to know about the post you are applying for, what papers/documents you are enclosing with the application, who will become your referee/referees and whether you are willing to come for an interview.

CV (= Curriculum Vitae) is a written account of the applicant’s education, experience and past employment. It is also called resume (rezum) in American English.

 

 

Referee: When you apply for a job your would-be employer might ask for a letter from your referee in which he/she describes your character and abilities.

Ending

The ending of a letter is related to its salutation.

 

Writing description 2

Today is our topic of discussion Writing description 2

Writing description 2

Look at the picture and then read the points about how  amaranth is grown

 

Fig : Amaranth

Points

planting time : all the year round

soil condition : any soil with some compost or cowdung

spacing : 3″-4″ between plants

depth to plant seed : 1/4″

days to germination : 4-6

planting instructions: soil well-prepared broadcast seeds–cover beds with soil water beds

care : soil moist until germination-begin thinning when the plants are 2-3 inches tall-weed the beds put manure into the soils

harvesting : pick leaves frequently collect the plants when needed

usefulness : source of vitamins and minerals

 

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Read the model description to answer the following questions.

Amaranth

Amaranth known as ‘lal Shak’ and ‘data shak’ are popular vegetables in Bangladesh. It grows well everywhere and any time of the year. It grows in any soil that contains some compost or cowdung. The seeds are broadcast in well-prepared soil at a depth of ¼”. After the seeds are broadcast, proper care is necessary for germination.

That is, the soil should be watered and kept moist until the seeds germinate in 4-6 days. Thinning should begin when the plants become 2-3 inches tall. This is the time when weeding should begin. To help leaf-growth liquid manure can be used in the soil.

Thinning should continue during the early days of the plants until there is spacing of 3″-4″ between the plants. Leaves should be picked frequently so that garden-fresh amaranth could be eaten for quite a long time. Both leaves and plants of amaranth are an excellent source of vitamins and minerals.

Questions:

1. Which parts of Bangladesh grow amaranth well?

2. What kind of soil is suitable for the growth of amaranth?

3. How long does the germination of amaranth seeds take?

 

 

4. Why is thinning necessary for the young plants?

5. What food value does amaranth have?

 

Writing description 1

Today is our topic of discussion Writing description 1

Writing description 1

Here is a calendar month which was used by Majeda as her diary. She wrote on it the things she did during the month. Now describe chronologically (in the order in which they happened) what she did.

 

Fig : A calendar month

Example: Majeda went to Grameen Bank for a new loan on Wednesday, 1st July at 10 am.

Here is a list of things the AEO had to do yesterday. The ticks show what he did and crosses show what he could not do. Write what he did and what he could not do. Also write one sentence for each item on the list describing what you think about it (ie whether you too did it recently or will do it soon or later or just whether you like it or not).

Things to do

 

 

Example: The AEO took out some money from the bank. I draw money from the bank at least twice a month.

Write about what you did last Friday?

These questions will help you to write the answer.

1. What did you do in the morning?

2. Did you do it by yourself or did anybody help you to do it?

3. Did you go out any time during the day? If you did, where did you go and for how long? If on the other hand, you did not go out, write why you did not go out.

4. What did you have for lunch?

5. What did you do in the afternoon?

6. What did you have for dinner? 7. What did you do after dinner?

Example: I woke up late in the morning and had a heavy breakfast.

Suppose you have won 600,000 taka in a Prize Bond draw. With half of the money you have decided to take a trip to a foreign country.

These questions will help you to write about your trip.

1. Where would you like to go? (name of the country, location)

2. Who would you like to travel with?

3. What would you like to take with you? (money, clothes, running shoes, equipment, etc.).

4. When would you like to go (season, month, week) and why?

5. How long would you stay?

6. How would you like to go (by plane, by car, by bus, by steamer, by boat, etc.) and why?

7. Why have you chosen this place? (its attractions, facilities, food, history, people, etc.)

 

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Example: I would like to go to Nepal.

Activity:

Write, like diary entries, on the days in a calendar month what you will do during the month. (See A above) Now write in complete sentences what you will do.

 

Reading about agricultural technology

Today is our topic of discussion Reading about agricultural technology

Reading about agricultural technology

Read what the Agricultural Extension Officer (AEO) and some villagers are talking about.

 

Fig : AEO talking to villagers

ΑΕΟ : Do you know why the food that you grow is not enough for you?

Jamil : We don’t have enough land to grow food for all of us. We’ve grown in number, but our land hasn’t grown in size.

AEO : Yes.

Rabeya : And also we are trying to get too much from our land. We are growing as many as three crops every year.

ΑΕΟ : You’re very right. The land that used to produce enough food for 6 people 30 years ago, now cannot produce food for 60 people.

Sharif : What shall we do then?

AEO : What do you think you should do?

Rabeya : We are too many. We should keep our family within a reasonable size.

AEO : Yes. But we should also do something more. And that’s what I’m going to talk about today with you. The rice that our farmers usually grow cannot meet our need. We need MVs that have been developed by BRRI for increased production. The traditional method that the farmers follow in cultivating the land cannot increase production.

You have to use modern agricultural technology to increase production. All this means you have to use MV seeds and mechanised implements or tools. Also you have to learn how to use them. For example, instead of the old wooden plough that is drawn by bullocks you should use the power tiller.

Similarly, You can use a seed-drill, a paddy weeder, a power pump and a knapsack sprayer for efficient cultivation and increased production.

 

Fig : Seed-drill

A power tiller can perform deep ploughing, harrowing, removing deep- rooted weeds, opening new lands, etc. A seed-drill is used for seeding rice, wheat, jute mustard, etc. It weighs about 15 kg.

These mechanised tools can do the jobs they are made for much faster and more efficiently than humans and animals. Also the present high price of bullocks often compels the farmers to go for mechanised implements. However, such problems as unavailability of fuel, spare parts, lack of practical training for the users, etc. should be solved before the tools are used widely and practically.

Put T against a statement that is true and F against one that is false. If a statement is false write why it is so. Write the names of the speakers of true statements.

1. We cannot grow enough food for us.

2. Our farmers grow only two main crops a year.

3. Our land is limited.

4. More children in a family can work for the betterment of their family life.

5. The same land that now produces food for a large number of people used to produce food in the past for a small number of people.

 

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6. The farmer and his cows can work in the fields more quickly than machines.

7. The farmers should be trained in how to use mechanised tools efficiently.

 

Reading about a process

Today is our topic of discussion Reading about a process

Reading about a process

Look at the pictures and read the passage.

 

Fig : Seeds

Plants grow out of seeds. Seeds remain in a dormant state, if they are kept in a cool and dry condition. But when they are sown or put in a moist soil, they begin to grow or germinate. However, there are certain conditions for the germination of seeds. First, seeds must be alive.

They die when they are dried and kept at a very high temperature. If only the amount of moisture in the soil is of right level the seeds germinate. The soil can be too dry or too cold. In either case, seeds will not germinate.

In the first stage of germination the radicle or the root within the seed comes out.

 

Fig : Radicle

The radicle begins to grow downwards. Also the main shoot comes out from the seed and appears above the surface of the soil.

Fig : Stem and leaves

Then gradually the root system begins to spread through the soil. Also the shoot begins to grow and produce stems and leaves.

Study these words.

dormant (adj) – inactive; in a resting state. ‘A seed remains dormant’ means it is not growing now, but it is capable of growing later on.

moist (adj) – slightly wet

moisture (n) – water; tiny drops of water

germinate (v) – grow

radicle (n) – the primary root

shoot (n) – a plant that has just began to grow

stem (n) – thin, upright part of a plant

Complete these sentences.

1. If you keep a seed in a cool and dry condition, it will

2. When a seed is dried and kept at a very high temperature, it

3. A seed germinates when.

 

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4. A seed does not germinate

5. The radicle or the root comes out when

6. If the seeds are dead.

 

Reading charts and diagrams 2

Today is our topic of discussion Reading charts and diagrams 2

Reading charts and diagrams 2

Read the chart to answer the following questions.

 

 

Fig : Chart showing a list of high-yielding modern rice varieties developed by BRRI

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) Publication No. 119

February 1997

Gazipur-1701

Ask and answer five questions about each variety.

Example: BR11

1. Q: What’s the name of BR11?

A: It is called Mukta.

2. Q: When was it released?

A: It was released in 1980.

3. Q: When is it grown well?

A: It is grown well in T Aman season.

4. Q: How long does it take to grow?

A: It takes 140-145 days to grow.

5. Q: How much does it grow?

 

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A: It grows about 5.5 – 6.5 tons per hectare.

You can ask the questions in random order. For example, about the same BR11 MV rice you can begin asking question 4 instead of question 1. You don’t have to ask exactly five questions. You can ask only 2/3 questions for each variety. Also you needn’t ask questions on all the 31 varieties. Now ask 15 questions on any 4 varieties and say/write answers to them.

Study these words.

yield (v/n) -bear; produce. This mango tree did not yield (v) any fruit last year, but its yield (n) this year is satisfactory.

year of release – The year when a particular variety of rice was fully developed and ready for use in the field. In other words, it was the year when a variety was introduced to the public for its growth/cultivation.

t/ha – ton per hectare.

 

 

Reading charts and diagrams 1

Today is our topic of discussion Reading charts and diagrams 1

Reading charts and diagrams 1

Read the chart and the following text.

 

Fig : Chart showing total production and MV share

A rice research institute was established in 1970 at Joydebpur. After independence in 1971 the institute became known as Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRD). The Institute developed some 31 high-yielding Modern Varieties (MVS) of rice between 1970-95.

The chart above shows how BRRI MVs have greatly contributed to the total rice production in the country. Ask and answer the questions in complete sentences.

Ask two types of question.

Type A: You can ask questions about the total rice production at different times.

Type B: You can also ask questions about the contribution or share of MV rice to the total rice production.

 

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Example-type A

Q: What was the total rice production in 1989?

A: The total rice production in 1989 was about 16 million tons.

Example – type B

Q: What was the contribution or share of MV rice to total rice production between 1970-75?

A: The contribution of MV rice to total rice production was 24% in 1970-75.

Study these words.

contribute (v, pt & pp contributed ) – to help to make something successful; to add something to something

production (n) – growth

Activity Write a short paragraph for each 5-year period mentioned on the chart. The first paragraph for the 1970-75 period is done for you :

 

 

1. The total rice production during 1970-75 (or between 1970 and 1975) was about 11 m tons and the MV rice production (or the production of MV rice) during the period is about 3 m tons. So this contributed about 24% to the total production.

 

 

Review and test

Today is our topic of discussion Review and test

Review and test

 

 

Read the report and answer the questions that follow.

Aerial application of insecticides was carried out from 10 to 24 October 1991 over Khulna divisions to control Hispa and Stemborer in rice. In order to observe impacts on the environment, a few ponds and lakes were surveyed.

The results indicated that within 9 hours of aerial application of the insecticide small fishes in ponds were found dead and floating on the surface of water in Morrelganj, Batiaghata, Dumuria and Tala thanas. Due to this spraying even ‘gherey’ fishes were found dead.

In ghereys, fishes are cultured with the help of temporany dams and nets in small waterways. Two/three days after the spraying of the chemicals from the air small fishes were sold cheap in local markets. At Batiaghata the Imam of a mosque informed that due to the application of pesticides in that area one cow and two goats died.

In some other areas domestic animals developed diarrhoea due of this application of pesticides. In Morrelganj thana some convicts suffered from an eye disease. In future, to minimise the environmental pollution, integrated pest management should be introduced instead of applying pesticide through aerial operation.

 

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Questions:

1. Suggest two titles for the survey report.

2. What was the purpose of the survey?

3. What was the impact of the aerial application of insecticides on ponds, lakes and ‘gherey’s?

4. How did the chemicals sprayed from an aircraft affect animals and humans?

5. How should the pest control methodology as suggested by the surveyor differ from the aerial spraying of pesticides?

Answer these questions.

1. What are Hispas and Stemborers?

2. How should they be controlled since aerial application of insecticides causes harm to the environment?

 

 

3. Write why aerial use of insecticides is harmful and how it causes harm at home, in the fields and in water.